Module 2
The Rock Cycle - Processes and Products
Grimsvotn Iceland
The Rock Cycle
Draw a simplified diagram showing the rock cycle and the processes which operate within in
Definitions
Surface processes:
Weathering ......
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Erosion ......
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Transportation ......
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Deposition ......
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Extrusion ......
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Below surface processes:
Burial ......
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Diagenisis ......
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Recrystallisation ......
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Metamorphism ......
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Partial melting ......
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Magma accumulation ......
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Crystallisation ......
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Intrusion ......
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Uplift ......
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Igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
Igneous / Sedimentary / MetamorphicHow they form
Temperature
Pressure
Characteristics
Thin section drawing / / /
Geological time
Eon / Era / Period / Time (my)Mnemonic
Sedimentary Processes and Products
Weathering
Definitions
Chemical weathering ......
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Hydrolysis ......
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Hydration ......
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Oxidation ......
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Carbonation ......
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Physical weathering ......
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Frost shattering (freeze thaw) ......
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Draw a series of diagrams to explain this
Exfoliation ......
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Draw a series of diagrams to explain this
Biological weathering ......
......
Examples:
Transportation
Gravity:
Grain size-
Grain shape-
Roundness-
Sorting-
Wind:
Grain size-
Grain shape-
Roundness-
Sorting-
Ice:
Grain size-
Grain shape-
Roundness-
Sorting-
Sea (near land):
Grain size-
Grain shape-
Roundness-
Sorting-
Sea (off shore):
Grain size-
Grain shape-
Roundness-
Sorting-
Rivers (at source):
Grain size-
Grain shape-
Roundness-
Sorting-
Rivers (at mouth):
Grain size-
Grain shape-
Roundness-
Sorting-
The way grains are carried
Definitions
Traction ......
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Saltation ......
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Suspension......
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Solution ......
Deserts
Draw a diagram here to represent the 3 facies to a desert environment
Add in thin sections of the sediment in each facies
Deltas
Draw a diagram here to represent the 3 facies to a desert environment from an aerial view
Add in thin sections of the sediment in each facies
Deltas
Draw a diagram here to represent the 3 facies to a desert environment from a section view
Add in thin sections of the sediment in each facies
ShallowClasticSeas
Draw a diagram here to represent a simplified cross section though a shallow clastic sea
Add a thin section for the littoral zone, close off shore and far off shore
ShallowCarbonateSeas
Draw a diagram here to represent a simplified cross section though a shallow carbonate sea
Add a thin section for the material formed in each part of the reef
Sedimentary Structures
Structure / Diagram correct way up / Diagram inverted / Environment / How it forms / Palaeoenvironment indicatorCross bedding
Ripple marks
Graded bedding
Desiccation cracks
Definitions
Lithification ......
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Diagenisis ......
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Igneous Processes and Products
Intrusion / Depth / Diagram / Major or minor / Hypabyssal or plutonic / Concordant or discordantBatholith
Sill
Transgressive sill
Dyke
Definitions
Chilled margin ......
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How does it form? ......
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Baked zone ......
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How does it form? ......
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Metamorphic aureole ......
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How does it form? ......
......
Draw a diagram here of a dyke and batholith to show the three features above
Sills V Lava flows
Sill / Lava flowDiagram / Diagram
Differences / Differences
Grain sizes and cooling rates
Extrusion / IntrusionHypabyssal / Intrusion
Plutonic
Cooling rate
Grain size
Diagram / / /
Textures
Equigranular:
How does it form? ......
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Porphyritic:
How does it form? ......
......
Vesicular:
How does it form? ......
......
Volcanoes
At Constructive plate margins and hot spots
Shield Volcano
Draw a diagram of a shield volcano
Characteristics:
Products:
Fissure Volcano (submarine)
Draw a diagram of a fissure volcano
Characteristics:
Products:
At Destructive plate margins
Strato-volcano (Composite Volcano)
Draw a diagram of a strato-volcano
Characteristics:
Products:
Caldera formation
Stage 1
Diagram
Stage 2
Diagram
Stage 3
Diagram
Geysers
Draw a fully labelled diagram to explain how these work
Living in a volcanically active area
Advantages / DisadvantagesMethods for predicting activity
Method / DescriptionHistoric pattern of activity
Changes in ground level
Changes in gas composition
Precursor earthquake tremors
Risk analysis
Draw a hazard map for a known volcano here
Metamorphic Processes and Products
Regional metamorphism
Parent rock: Mudstone
Slate SchistGneiss
Contact metamorphism
Parent rock: Mudstone
Spotted slate Andalusite slate Hornfels
Contact and regional metamorphism of:
Sandstone Metaquartzite
LimestoneMarble
Metamorphic aureoles
Factors which affect the size of the aureole: