Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
1. Introduction
• “Respiration” – Definitions
A. Cellular Respiration
B. External Respiration
C. Internal Respiration
D. Ventilation (Breathing)
i. Inspiration
ii. Expiration
2. Primary Functions
A. Gas Exchange
3. Secondary Functions
A. Sound Production
B. Air Pumps
C. Emotional Expression
D. pH Regulation
4. Respiratory Anatomy
A. Nose
i. Internal and external Nares
ii. Nasal Bones / Cartilage
a. Bones associated with secretion
• Paranasal Sinuses
• Nasolacrimal Duct
b. Septal Cartilage
c. Nasal Septum
d. Inferior Nasal Conchae
• Nasal Meatuses (Superior, Middle, and Inferior)
iii. Hard Palate
• Cleft Palate
iv. Soft Palate
v. Nasal Mucosa
a. Nasal Epithelium
b. Olfactory Epithelium (Pull out Handout on Olfactory Epitheia)
• Olfactory Nerves
• Olfactory Foramina
* Cribriform Plate of Ethoid Bone
B. Pharynx
i. Nasopharynx
• Eustachian (Auditory) Tube
ii. Oropharynx
• Fauces
iii. Laryngopharynx
iv. Tonsils
a. Lingual Tonsils
b. Palatine Tonsils
c. Pharyngeal Tonsils
C. Larynx
i. Structure
a. Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s apple)
b. Cricoid Cartilage
c. Arytenoid Cartilage
ii. Epiglottis
iii. Vocal Cords
a. Glottis
b. Vocal Cords
iv. Sound Production
D. Trachea
E. The Respiratory Tree
• Conducting Portion
• Respiratory Portion
i. Primary Bronchi
a. Lung
ii. Secondary (or Lobar) Bronchi
a. Lobes of Lung
iii. Tertiary ( or Segmental) Bronchi
a. Bronchopulmonary Segments of Lobes
iv. Bronchioles
a. Terminal Bronchioles
b. Respiratory Bronchioles
v. Alveolar Ducts
vi. Alveoli
a. Alvolar Sac
b. Septal Cells (Pull out your handout on “Surfactant”)
• Lung Surfactant
• Alveolar Surface Tension
c. Alveolar Macrophages
F. Lungs: Lobes and Pleurae
i. Location
• Thorax
ii. Anatomy
• Apex and Base
a. Lungs
• Right Lung
* Superior, Middle, and Inferior Lobes
• Left Lung
* Superior and Inferior Lobes
* Cardiac Notch
b. Lobes
c. Bronchopulmonary Segments
d. Lobules
iii. Pleural Cavity
a. Visceral Pleura
b. Parietal Pleura
• Lubricant
• Lower air pressure
(Pull out your handout on “Lung Inflation”)
c. Collapsed Lung
5. Nerve System
A. Parasympathetic System
B. Sympathetic System
6. Blood Supply
• Right Ventricle
• Left Atrium
7. Breathing Mechanics
• Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
A. Muscular Control of Breathing
i. Inspiration
a. Diaphragm and External Intercostal
b. Diaphragm Contracts, Lowers Diaphragm
c. Abdominal Muscles
ii. Expiration, Passive
a. External Intercostals & Diaphragm
b. Extrinsic Elastic Recoil
c. Intrinsic Elactic Recoil
iii. Forced Expiration, Active
a. Internal Intercostal Muscles
b. Abdominal Muscles
8. Volumes of Air in the Lungs
• Respirometer
A. Residual volume
B. Tidal Volume
C. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
D. Expiratory Reserve Volume.
E. Pulmonary Capacities
F. Inspiratory Capacity
G. Functional Residual Capacity
H. Vital Capacity
I. Total Lung Capacity
J. Anatomical Dead Space
9. Factors Affecting Gas Movement and Solubility
A. Partial Pressure (Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure)
B. Solubility of Gases
i. Types of Molecules
ii. Temperature
10. Gas Exchange Facilitation
A. Partial Pressure
i. External Respiration
ii. Internal Respiration
B. Surface Area
C. Membrane Thickness
D. Solubility and Size of the Molecules
11. Transport of Oxygen in the Blood
• Hemoglobin (Hg)
• Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
A. Temperature Effect (See graph in text)
B. Increased CO2 and Acid Effect (See graph in text)
• Note Effect of CO2 on pH
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
12. Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
A. Plasma
B. Bicarbonate Ion
Carbonic
anhydrase
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Carbonic
Acid
H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
Bicarbonate Hydrogen
Ion Ion
i. Chloride Shift
C. Carbamino Compounds
RNH2 + CO2 RNHCOO- + H+
• Carbaminohemoglobin
HbNH2 + CO2 HbNHCOO- + H+
13. Carbon Monoxide
14. Control of Ventilation
• Eupnea
A. Medullary Rhythmicity Area (See downloadable handout !! )
i. Inspiratory Area
ii. Expiratory Area
B. Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Area of the Pons
i. Apneustic Area
ii. Pneumotaxic Area
C. Chemical Control
i. Auto-regulation of Alveoli
ii. Carotid and Aortic Bodies
iii. Sensors and reflexes
iv. Pulmonary Stretch receptors
15. Other Activities of the Respiratory System
A. Coughing Reflex
B. Sneeze
C. Hiccup
D. Snoring
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