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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
Electronic Supplementary Material
Convergent development of ecological, genetic and morphological traits in native supercolonies of the red ant Myrmica rubra
Dóra B. Huszár, Rasmus S. Larsen, Sarah Carlsen, Jacobus J. Boomsma, JesSøe Pedersen
Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
Table S1 PCR conditions for the 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci used to identify the genetic structure of the two Myrmica rubra populations
Primermix / Locus / GenBankaccession number / Volume
µl / Concentration
µM / Reference
Mixture A / Myrt4 / L14690 / 22.40 / 10 / (Herbers and Mouser 1998)
MS36 / AB182390 / 4.20 / 100 / (Azuma et al. 2005)
MS362 / AB182394 / 3.12 / 100 / (Azuma et al. 2005)
MS86 / AB182391 / 3.12 / 100 / (Azuma et al. 2005)
Msca1 / AY26765 / 1.14 / 100 / (Zeisset et al. 2005)
Mixture B / Myrt3 / L14689 / 12.50 / 10 / (Evans 1993)
MP84 / AF027379 / 1.10 / 10 / (Evans 1993)
Msca7 / AY26768 / 1.50 / 10 / (Zeisset et al. 2005)
MS47 / AB182392 / 0.96 / 100 / (Azuma et al. 2005)
MS26 / AB182393 / 0.29 / 100 / (Azuma et al. 2005)
Msca78 / AB182391 / 0.29 / 100 / (Henrich et al. 2003)
Table S2 Details of the heterozygosity analysis for the microsatellite markers. N: number of individuals genotyped, k: observed number of alleles, Hobs: observed hetetozygosity, Hexp: expected heterozygosity
Locus / Product size / N / Total / Læsø / Bornholm(bp) / k / Hobs / Hexp / k / Hobs / Hexp / k / Hobs / Hexp
MP84 / 230-238 / 645 / 4 / 0.494 / 0.625 / 4 / 0.524 / 0.639 / 3 / 0.465 / 0.596
MS26 / 158-164 / 645 / 3 / 0.038 / 0.037 / 3 / 0.038 / 0.037 / 2 / 0.039 / 0.038
MS36 / 126-141 / 636 / 6 / 0.491 / 0.613 / 3 / 0.546 / 0.514 / 6 / 0.439 / 0.569
MS362 / 149-161 / 653 / 7 / 0.609 / 0.752 / 6 / 0.598 / 0.702 / 6 / 0.619 / 0.760
MS47 / 136-143 / 643 / 4 / 0.496 / 0.569 / 4 / 0.454 / 0.515 / 4 / 0.535 / 0.585
MS86 / 179-186 / 642 / 4 / 0.336 / 0.491 / 3 / 0.231 / 0.358 / 3 / 0.436 / 0.478
Msca1 / 112-116 / 648 / 3 / 0.232 / 0.474 / 3 / 0.195 / 0.290 / 2 / 0.268 / 0.493
Msca7 / 192-201 / 642 / 5 / 0.306 / 0.668 / 4 / 0.326 / 0.621 / 4 / 0.288 / 0.587
Msca78 / 328-336 / 651 / 4 / 0.404 / 0.553 / 3 / 0.404 / 0.451 / 3 / 0.403 / 0.514
Myrt3 / 108-120 / 643 / 7 / 0.429 / 0.552 / 7 / 0.484 / 0.542 / 5 / 0.377 / 0.549
Myrt4 / 82-97 / 652 / 8 / 0.588 / 0.756 / 8 / 0.601 / 0.717 / 8 / 0.576 / 0.748
Overall / 0.402 / 0.554 / 0.400 / 0.490 / 0.404 / 0.538
Table S3 Pedigree analysis of workers from the eleven gyne-producing isolated nests in Bornholm. The analysis was performed by MateSoft 1.0(Moilanen et al. 2004)
Nest / Relatedness / GynyBI07 / 0.7689 / Monogynous
BI16 / 0.3307 / Monogynous, queen doubly mated
BG01 / 0.7157 / Monogynous
BG02 / 0.8225 / Monogynous
BG03 / 0.1068 / Polygynous
BG04 / 0.5631 / Polygynous
BG05 / 0.6566 / Monogynous
BG06 / 0.8295 / Monogynous
BG07 / 0.9102 / Monogynous
BG08 / 0.8100 / Monogynous
BG09 / 0.8597 / Monogynous
BG10 / 0.6536 / Monogynous
BG11 / 0.7661 / Monogynous
Supplementary text for Figures S1-S2
We performed additional BAPS analyses to study genetic differentiation of nests both between supercolony and multicolony nests and between the islands.
To assess whether BAPS recognized the two separate island populations we ran the analysis by constraining the recognizable groups to two across the whole dataset (Fig. S1). This analysis gave similar results as what we presented in Fig.4 of the main text: supercolony nests were completely distinct, and there was only a small overlap of colours with the isolated multicolony patches in one of the populations (Læsø, perhaps due to higher genetic variation of those nests). PCA (same PCA as in Fig. 4 but with new colors according to BAPS) showed that nests clustered both according to the island population they belonged to and according to BAPS colors.
We also used BAPS within each population (Figs S2) to see whether the two social nest types clustered according to our original groupings based on mutual aggression assays. To address this question, we constrained BAPS to recognize only two groups within each island population. While a few multicolonial nests belonged to the same BAPS group as the supercolony nests within the same population, the supercolony nests themselves belonged to only a single BAPS group, and nests with identical BAPS colors based on genetic similarity turned out to be also spatially clustered (Fig. S2). This BAPS analyses gave identical (Læsø) and very similar (Bornholm) results as the BAPS analyses presented in the main text where we constrained the program to only assign to four clusters across both populations (see Fig. 4 right panels in the main text).
References
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Zeisset I, Ebsen JR, Boomsma JJ (2005) Dinucleotide microsatellite DNA loci from the ant Myrmica scabrinodis. Mol Ecol Notes 5:163–164. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00871.x
Fig. S1 Two BAPS clusters across the two island populations (nests are green on Bornholm and red and green on Læsø, the green nests on Læsø are marked by a star within squares) in relation to the PCA of microsatellite allele frequencies among nests. Circles represent supercolony nests, squares represent isolated nests from multicolonial patches and gyne producing nests on Bornholm are marked with a cross.
Fig. S2 BAPS clusters within populations (yellow and green are supercolony or isolated nests on Læsø and Bornholm, respectively, and blue and red are isolated nests in multicolonial patches on these islands) in relation to the spatial positioning of nests (a,b) and according to PCA of microsatellite alleles among nests (c,d). Circles represent supercolony nests, squares represent isolated nests from multicolonial patches, and gyne producing nests are marked with a cross within squares.