WHG Ch 25-4 Notes – “Reforming the Industrial World”
The Philosophers of Industrialization
l ______Economics
l The economic policy of not interfering with businesses
l Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers
l ______-defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations
l Believes economic liberty guarantees economic freedoms
l Economic natural laws
l Self-interest
l Competition
l Supply and demand
l The Economics of Capitalism
l Thomas Maltus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism
l ______-system of privately owned businesses seeking profits
l Maltus thinks populations grow faster than food supply
l Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result
l Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor
The Rise of Socialism
l ______
l Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism-judge things by their ______
l John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth
l Utopian Ideas
l Robert Owens improves workers’ conditions, rents cheap housing
l In 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana
l ______-factors of production owned by, operated for the people
l Socialists think ______control can end poverty, bring equality
Marxism: Radical Socialism
l Marxism’s Prophets
l ______-German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism
l Friedrich Engels-German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill
l The Communist Manifesto
l Marx and Engels believe society is divided between warring classes
l Capitalism helps “haves”, the employers known as bourgeoisie
l Hurts “have-nots”, the workers known as the proletariat
l Marx, Engels predict the ______will ______the owners
l The Future According to Marx
l Marx believes capitalism will eventually destroy itself
l Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills
l ______-society where people own, share the means of production
l Marx’s ideas take root in ______, ______, ______
l Time has shown that society not controlled by economic forces alone
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
l Unionization
l ______-association formed by laborers to work for change
l Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers
l Sometimes they ______-call a work stoppage-to pressure owners
l Skilled workers are first to form unions
l Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form unions
l Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions
l Reform Laws
l British, U.S. laws passed to stop worst abuses of industrialization
l 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children working underground
l In 1847, workday for women, children limited to 10 hours in Britain
l U.S. ends ______labor, sets maximum hours in ______
The Reform Movement Spreads
l The Abolition of Slavery
l In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire
l ______ends in U.S. in______; ends by 1888 in the rest of the Americas
l The Fight for Women’s Rights
l Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848
l International Council for Women founded 1888; ______membership
l Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life
l Reformers establish ______in Europe in late 1800s
l Public schools common in U.S. by 1850
l Horace Mann popular in Massachusetts
l ______reform also sought