The Phenomenon of Memory (Pg. 344-346)
Bennett
IB Psychology
Chapter 9
Reading Guide
The Phenomenon of Memory (pg. 344-346)
1. Learning that persists over time indicates the existence of ______ for that learning.
2. Memories for surprising significant moments that are especially clear are called ______ memories.
3. Both human memory and computer memory can be viewed as ______- ______systems that perform three tasks: ______, ______and ______.
4. The classical model of memory has been Atkinson and Shiffrin’s ______ model. According to this model, we first record information as a fleeting ______, from which into ______- ______ memory, where the information is ______ through rehearsal into long ______- ______ memory for later retrieval.
5. The newer concept of ______ clarifies the short-term memory concept by focusing more on how we attend to, ______, and manipulate information in temporary surge. We do not just display information on-screen; we actively associate new and old information and solve problems. Working memory is roughly like a computer’s ______-______memory (______), which integrates information coming in from our keyboard with that retrieved from long-term storage on the hard drive.
Encoding: Getting Information In (pg. 347-354)
6. Encoding that does not require conscious attention or effort is called ______-______. Some processing requires effort at first, but after ______some ______ becomes more automatic.
7. Give three examples of material that is typically encoded with little or no effort.
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
8. Encoding that requires attention and effort is called ______.
9. With novel information, conscious repetition, or ______, boosts memory.
10. A pioneering researcher in verbal memory was ______. In one experiment, he found that the longer he studied a list of non-sense syllables, the ______(fewer/greater) the number of repetitions he required to relearn it later.
11. After material has been learned, additional rehearsal, or ______, usually will increase retention.
12. When people go around a circle reading words, their poorest memories are for the ______ (least/most) recent information heard. This phenomenon is called ______.
13. The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list best is called the ______. Following a delay, first items are remembered ______ (better/less well) than last items.
14. Encoding the meaning of words is referred to as ______ encoding; encoding by sound is called ______ encoding; encoding the image of words is ______ encoding.
15. Craik and Tulving’s study comparing visual, acoustic, and semantic encosing showed that memory was best with ______ encoding.
16. Our excellent recall if information that relates to ourselves is called the ______- ______ effect.
17. memory that consists of mental pictures is based on the use of ______ .
18. Concrete, high-imagery words tend to be remembered ______ (better/less well) than abstract, low-imagery words.
19. Memory for concrete nouns is facilitates when we encode them ______and ______.
20. Our tendency to recall the high points of pleasurable events such as family vacations illustrates the phenomenon of ______.
21. Memory aids known as ______ devices. One such device involves forming associations between familiar series of locations and to-be-remembered words; this technique is called the “______.”
22. Using a jingle, such as the one that begins “one is a bun,” is an example of the “______- ______” system.
23. Memory may be aided by grouping information into meaningful units called ______. An example of this technique involves forming words from the first letters of to-be-remembered words; the resulting word is called an ______.
2