HospitalsAsylums
Title 24 US Code
© Fall Equinox 2003
Edited by Anthony J. Sanders
Table of Contents
I. Continental Constitutions (CC) 1
The Most Complete List of International Constitutions on the Internet
By Anthony J. Sanders
II.Attorney General Education (AGE) 8
Rehabilitating Title 24 US Code Chapter 2 Soldier’s & Airman’s Home
By Anthony J. Sanders
III. Impact of Tourism on Thuya (Tetraclinis articulata) Crafts in Morocco 61
A Dissertation for a Master’s Degree in Ethnobotany recommending Fair Trade
By Sharon Sanders
Continental Constitutions
Continental Totals
States Continents Population GDP Per Capita Law
53 / Africa / 889.5million / $1.3 trillion / $1,460 / African Union51 / America / 868.7 million / $15.1 trillion / $17,383 / Organization of American States
44 / Asia / 3.246 billion / $15.9 trillion / $5,284 / Association of Southeast Asian States
40 / Europe / 399.2 million / $5.1 trillion / $12,782 / European Union
38 / North African MiddleEast / 754 million / $4.24 trillion / $5,615 / League of Arab States & Russian Federation
7 / Duplication Reduction / 135 million / $612.7 billion
192 states,
70 dependencies, 219 listed / World / 6.3 billion / $40.9 - $49 trillion / $6,817- $7,777 / United Nations
Africa
State Population GDP Per Capita Law
1 / Algeria / 32,277,942 / $177 billion / $5,600 / 19962 / Angola / 10,766,471 / $16.9 billion / $1,600 / 1992
3 / Benin / 7,041,490 / $7.3 billion / $1,070 / 1990
4 / Botswana / 1,573,267 / $15.1 billion / $9,500 / 1966
5 / Burkina Faso / 13,228,460 / $13.6 billion / $1,080 / 1991
6 / Burundi / 6,096,156 / $3.8 billion / $600 / 1992
7 / Cameroon / 15,746,179 / $27 billion / $1,700 / 1996
8 / Cape Verde / 412,137 / $600 million / $1,400 / 1992
9 / Central African Republic / 3,683,538 / $4.7 billion / $1,300 / 1995
10 / Chad / 9,253,493 / $10 billion / $1,100 / 1996
11 / Comoros / 614, 382 / $424 million / $710 / 2002
12 / Congo, Democratic Republic of the / 56,625,039 / $34 billion / $610 / 1994
13 / Congo,Republic of / 2,954,258 / $2.5 billion / $900 / 1992
14 / Cote d’Ivoire / 16,962,491 / $24.5 billion / $1,500 / 2000
15 / Djibouti / 472,810 / $586 million / $1,400 / 1992
16 / Egypt / 70,712,345 / $258 billion / $3,700 / 1980
17 / Equatorial Guinea / 510,473 / $1.27 billion / $2,700 / 1988
18 / Eritria / 4,362,254 / $3.3 billion / $740 / 1996
19 / Ethiopia / 66,557,553 / $50.6 billion / $750 / 1977
20 / Gabon / 1,321,560 / $7 billion / $5,700 / 1994
21 / Gambia, The / 1,501,050 / $2.6 billion / $1,800
22 / Ghana / 20,467,747 / $42.5 billion / $2,100 / 1992
23 / Guinea-Bissau / 1,360,827 / $1.1 billion / $800
24 / Kenya / 31,639,091 / $32 billion / $1,020 / 1998
25 / Lesotho / 1,861,959 / $5.6 billion / $2,700 / 1993
26 / Liberia / 3,317,176 / $3.5 billion / $1,100 / 1984
27 / Libya / 5,368,585 / $40 billion / $7,600 / 1969
28 / Madagascar / 16,979,744 / $12.6 billion / $760 / 1992
29 / Malawi / 11,651,239 / $7.2 billion / $670 / 1994
30 / Mali / 11,626,219 / $9.8 billion / $860 / 1992
31 / Mauritania / 2,912,584 / $5.3 billion / $1,900 / 1991
32 / Mauritius / 1,210,447 / $13.2 billion / $11,000 / 1998
33 / Morocco / 31,167,783 / $112 billion / $3,700 / 1996
34 / Mozambique / 17,479,266 / $19.2 billion / $1,000 / 1990
35 / Namibia / 1,927,447 / $12.6 billion / $6,900 / 1990
36 / Niger / 11,058,590 / $8.8 billion / $830 / 1999
37 / Nigeria / 133,881,703 / $113.5 billion / $875 / 1999
38 / Rwanda / 7,810,056 / $9 billion / $1,200 / 1991
39 / Sao Tome and Principe / 175,883 / $200 million / $1,200
40 / Senegal / 10,580,307 / $16.2 billion / $1,500 / 1963
41 / Seychelles / 80,469 / $626 million / $7,800 / 1977
42 / Sierra Leone / 5,732,681 / $2.8 billion / $580 / 1991
43 / Somalia / 8,025,190 / $4.1 billion / $540 / 1995
44 / SouthAfrica / 42,768,678 / $432 billion / $10,000 / 1996
45 / Sudan / 38,114,160 / $52.9 billion / $1,420 / 1998
46 / Swaziland / 1,161,219 / $4.8 billion / $4,400 / Draft
47 / Tanzania / 35,922,454 / $22.5 billion / $630 / 1998
48 / Togo / 5,429,299 / $8 billion / $1,500 / 1992
49 / Tunisia / 9,815,644 / $64.5 billion / $6,600 / 1988
50 / Uganda / 25,632,794 / $31 billion / $1260 / 1995
51 / Western Sahara / 256,177 / 1999
52 / Zambia / 10,307,333 / $8.9 billion / $890 / 1996
53 / Zimbabwe / 12,576,742 / $27 billion / $2,400 / 2000
219 / Total / 889,515,730 / $1.3 trillion / $1,460
America
State Population GDP Per Capita Law
1 / Anguilla / 12,738 / $104 million / $8,6002 / Antigua & Barbudo / 67,897 / $750 million / $11,000 / 1981
3 / Argentina / 38,740,807 / $391 billion / $10,200 / 1853
4 / Aruba / 70,844 / $1.94 billion / $28,000
5 / Bahamas / 297,477 / $5.2 billion / $17,000 / 1973
6 / Barbados / 277,264 / $4 billion / $14,500 / 1966
7 / Belize / 266,440 / $1.28 billion / $4,900 / 1981
8 / Bermuda / 64,482 / $2.25 billion / $35,200
9 / Bolivia / 8,586,443 / $21 billion / $2,500 / 1995
10 / Brazil / 182,032,604 / $1.34 trillion / $7,600 / 1988
11 / British Virgin Islands / 21,730 / $320 million / $16,000
12 / Canada / 32,207,113 / $923 billion / $29,400 / 1982
13 / Cayman Islands / 41,934 / $1.27 billion / $35,000 / 2003
14 / Chile / 15,665,216 / $151 billion / $10,000 / 2000
15 / Columbia / 41,662,073 / $268 billion / $6,500 / 1991
16 / Costa Rica / 3,896,092 / $32.3 billion / $8,500 / 1949
17 / Cuba / 11,263,429 / $25.9 billion / $2,300 / 1992
18 / Dominica / 69,655 / $380 million / $5,400 / 1984
19 / Dominican Republic / 8,715,602 / $53 billion / $6,100 / 2002
20 / Ecuador / 13,710,234 / $41.7 billion / $3,100 / 1998
21 / El Salvador / 6,470,379 / $30 billion / $4,700 / 2000
22 / Falkland Islands / 2,967 / $75 million / $25,000
23 / French Guiana / 186,917 / $1.1 billion / $6,000
24 / Grenada / 89,258 / $440 million / $5,000 / 1973
25 / Guadalupe / 440,189 / $3.7 billion / $9,000
26 / Guatemala / 13,909,384 / $48 billion / $3,700 / 1993
27 / Guyana / 702,100 / $2.7 billion / $4,000 / 1996
28 / Haiti / 7,527,817 / $12 billion / $1,700 / 1987
29 / Honduras / 6,669,789 / $17.6 billion / $2,600 / 1999
30 / Jamaica / 2,695,867 / $10 billion / $3,900 / 1999
31 / Martinique / 425,966 / $4.5 billion / $10,700
32 / Mexico / 104,907,991 / $900 billion / $9,000 / 1966
33 / Montserrat / 8,995 / $29 million / $3,400
34 / Netherlands Antilles / 216,226 / $2.4 billion / $11,400
35 / Nicaragua / 5,128,517 / $12.8 billion / $2,500 / 1995
36 / Panama / 2,960,784 / $17.3 billion / $6,000 / 1994
37 / Paraguay / 6,036,900 / $25 billion / $4,200 / 1992
38 / Peru / 28,409,897 / $132 billion / $4,800 / 2000
39 / Puerto Rico / 3,885,877 / $45.7 billion / $11,500
40 / Saint Helena / 7,367 / $18 million / $2,500
41 / Saint Kitts & Nevis / 38,763 / $339 million / $8,800 / 1983
42 / Saint Lucia / 162,157 / $866 million / $5,400 / 1978
43 / Saint Pierre / 6,976 / $74 million / $11,000
44 / Saint Vincent / 116,812 / $339 million / $2,900 / 1979
45 / Suriname / 435,449 / $1.5 billion / $3,500 / 1992
46 / Trinidad & Tobago / 1,104,209 / $11.1 billion / $9,500 / 2000
47 / Turks & Caicos / 19,350 / $231 million / $9,600
48 / United States / 290,342,554 / $10.4 trillion / $37,600 / 1992
49 / Uruguay / 3,413,329 / $26.5 billion / $7,800 / 1996
50 / Venezuela / 24,654,694 / $132.8 billion / $5,500 / 1999
51 / Virgin Islands / 124,778 / $2.4 billion / $19,000
219 / Total / 868.7 million / $15.106 trillion / $17,383
Duplication Reduction
1 / Algeria / 32,277,942 / $177 billion / $5,600 / 19962 / Djibouti / 472,810 / $586 million / $1,400 / 1992
3 / Egypt / 70,712,345 / $258 billion / $3,700 / 1980
4 / Morocco / 31,167,783 / $112 billion / $3,700 / 1996
5 / Seychelles / 80,469 / $626 million / $7,800 / 1977
6 / Tunisia / 9,815,644 / $64.5 billion / $6,600 / 1988
7 / Western Sahara / 256,177
135 million / $612.7 billion
Asia
1 / Australia / 19,731,984 / $528 billion / $27,000 / 19002 / Bangladesh / 138,448,210 / $239 billion / $1,700 / 1996
3 / Bhutan / 2,139,549 / $2.7 billion / $1,300 / 2002
4 / Brunei / 350,898 / $6.2 billion / $18,000 / 1959
5 / Burma / 42,510,537 / $70 billion / $1,660 / 1947
6 / Cambodia / 13,124,764 / $19.7 billion / $1,500 / 1993
7 / China / 1,284,303,705 / $6 trillion / $4,600 / 1982
8 / Cook Islands / 21,008 / $105 million / $5,000 / 1981
9 / East Timor / 997,853 / $40 million / $500 / 2002
10 / Fiji / 856,346 / $4.4 billion / $5,200 / 1998
11 / Guam / 160,796 / $3.2 billion / $21,000 / Code
12 / Hong Kong / 7,394,170 / $186 billion / $26,000 / 1990
13 / India / 1,045,845,226 / $2.66 trillion / $2,540 / 1995
14 / Indonesia / 234,893,453 / $663 billion / $3,100 / 1945
15 / Japan / 127,214,499 / $3.55 trillion / $28,000 / 1947
16 / Kiribati / 98,549 / $79 million / $800 / 1980
17 / Korea, North / 22,466,481 / $22 billion / $1,000 / 1998
18 / Korea, South / 48,289,037 / $31 billion / $19,400 / 1987
19 / Laos / 5,921,545 / $9.9 billion / $1,700 / 1991
20 / Macau / 469,903 / $8.6 billion / $18,500 / 1993
21 / Malaysia / 23,092,940 / $210 billion / $9,300 / 1957
21 / Marshall Islands / 56,429 / $115 million / $1,600 / 1988
23 / Micronesia / 108,143 / $277 million / $2,000 / 1975
24 / Mongolia / 2,712,315 / $5 billion / $1,840 / 1992
25 / Nauru / 12,570 / $60 million / $5,000 / 1968
26 / Nepal / 26,469,569 / $36 billion / $1,400 / 1990
27 / New Caledonia / 207,858 / $3.1 billion / $15,000 / 1993
28 / New Zealand / 3,951,307 / $78.8 billion / $20,200 / 1987
29 / Niue / 2,145 / $7.6 million / $3,600 / 1974
30 / Northern Mariana Islands / 80,006 / $900 million / $12,500 / 1987
31 / Palau / 19,717 / $174 million / $9,000 / 1986
32 / Papua New Guinea / 5,295,816 / $1.2 billion / $2,300 / 1975
33 / Philippines / 84,525,639 / $335 billion / $4,000 / 1987
34 / Samoa, American / 70,260 / $500 million / $8,000 / Rev.
35 / Singapore / 4,608,595 / $105 billion / $24,000 / 1995
36 / Solomon Islands / 494,786 / $800 million / $1,700 / 1996
37 / Sri Lanka / 19,742,439 / $73.7 billion / $3,700 / 1978
38 / Taiwan / 22,548,009 / $386 billion / $17,200 / 1994
39 / Thailand / 64,265,276 / $429 billion / $6,900 / 1997
40 / Tokelau / 1,431 / $1.5 million / $1,000 / 1977
41 / Tonga / 108,141 / $236 million / $2,200 / 1988
42 / Tuvalu / 11,305 / $12.2 million / $1,100 / 1978
43 / Vanuatu / 199,414 / $363 million / $2,900 / 1983
44 / Vietnam / 81,624,716 / $183 billion / $2,250 / 1992
219 / Total / 3.246 billion / $15.853 trillion / $5,284
State Population GDP Per Capita Law
Europe
State Population GDP Per Capita Law
1 / Albania / 3,582,205 / $14 billion / $4,500 / 19982 / Andorra / 69,150 / $1.3 billion / $19,000
3 / Austria / 8,188,207 / $226 billion / $27,700 / 1995
4 / Belarus / 10,322,151 / $85 billion / $8,200 / 1994
5 / Belgium / 10,289,088 / $296.7 billion / $29,000 / 1970
6 / Bosnia & Herzegovina / 3,989,018 / $7.3 billion / $1,900 / 1995
7 / Bulgaria / 7,537,929 / $50.6 billion / $6,600 / 1991
8 / Croatia / 4,422,248 / $38.9 billion / $8,800 / 1990
9 / Czech Republic / 10,249,216 / $155.9 billion / $15,300 / 1992
10 / Denmark / 5,384,384 / $155.5 billion / $29,000 / 1952
11 / Estonia / 1,408,556 / $15.2 billion / $10,900 / 1992
12 / Finland / 5,190,785 / $136.2 billion / $26,200 / 2000
13 / France / 60,180,529 / $1.53 trillion / $25,700 / 1995
14 / Germany / 82,398,326 / $2.184 trillion / $26,600 / 1949
15 / Greece / 10,665,989 / $201.1 billion / $19,000 / 1975
16 / Holy See / 911 / $173.5 million / $1.9 million
17 / Hungary / 10,045,407 / $134.7 billion / $13,300 / 1997
18 / Iceland / 280,798 / $7 billion / $25,000 / 1999
19 / Ireland / 3,924,140 / $118.5 billion / $30,500 / 1995
20 / Italy / 57,998,353 / $1.438 trillion / $25,000 / 1948
21 / Latvia / 2,348,784 / $20 billion / $8,300 / 1998
22 / Liechtenstein / 33,145 / $825 million / $25,000 / 1921
23 / Lithuania / 3,592,561 / $29.2 billion / $8,400 / 1992
24 / Luxembourg / 454,157 / $20 billion / $44,000 / 1996
25 / Malta / 400,420 / $7 billion / $17,000 / 1964
26 / Moldova / 4,439,502 / $11 billion / $2,500 / 1994
27 / Monaco / 32,130 / $870 million / $27,000 / 1962
28 / Netherlands / 16,150,511 / $434 billion / $26,900 / 1972
29 / Norway / 4,546,123 / $143 billion / $31,800 / 1995
30 / Poland / 38,622,660 / $368.1 billion / $9,500 / 1997
31 / Portugal / 10,102,022 / $182 billion / $18,000 / 1976
32 / Romania / 22,271,839 / $166 billion / $7,400 / 1991
33 / San Marino / 28,119 / $940 million / $34,600
34 / Slovakia / 5,430,033 / $66 billion / $12,200 / 1992
35 / Slovenia / 1,935,677 / $36 billion / $18,000 / 2000
36 / Spain / 40,217,413 / $828 billion / $20,700 / 1977
37 / Sweden / 8,878,085 / $227.4 billion / $25,400 / 1995
38 / Switzerland / 7,318,638 / $231 billion / $31,700 / 1998
39 / Ukraine / 48,055,439 / $218 billion / $4,500 / 1996
40 / United Kingdom / 60,094,648 / $1.52 trillion / $25,300 / 1992
219 / Total / 399.2 million / $5.1 trillion / $12,782
North African Middle East
State Population GDP Per Capita Law
1 / Afghanistan / 27,755,775 / $21 billion / $800 / 19902 / Algeria / 32,277,942 / $177 billion / $5,600 / 1996
3 / Armenia / 3,330,099 / $11.2 billion / $3,350 / 1995
4 / Azerbaijan / 7,798,497 / $27 billion / $3,300 / 1995
5 / Bahrain / 656,397 / $8.4 billion / $13,000 / 2002
6 / Comoros / 614, 382 / $424 million / $710 / 2002
7 / Cyprus / 771,657 / $10 billion / $12,900
8 / Djibouti / 472,810 / $586 million / $1,400 / 1992
9 / Egypt / 70,712,345 / $258 billion / $3,700 / 1980
10 / Georgia / 4,960,951 / $15 billion / $3,100 / 2002
11 / Iran / 66,622,704 / $456 billion / $7,000 / 1989
12 / Iraq / 24,001,816 / $59 billion / $2,500 / 2003
13 / Israel / 6,029,529 / $122 billion / $19,000 / LAW
14 / Jordan / 5,307,470 / $22.8 billion / $4,300 / 1952
15 / Kazakhstan / 16,741,519 / $98.1 billion / $5,900 / 1998
16 / Kurdistan / 26.3 million / $144 billion / $5,475 / Iraqi
17 / Kuwait / 2,111,561 / $30.9 billion / $15,100 / 1962
18 / Kyrgystan / 4,822,166 / $13.5 billion / $2,800 / 1996
19 / Lebanon / 3,677,780 / $18.8 billion / $5,200 / 1947
20 / Libya / 5,368,585 / $40 billion / $7,600 / 1969
21 / Maldives / 329,684 / $1.25 billion / $3,900 / 1998
22 / Morocco / 31,167,783 / $112 billion / $3,700 / 1996
23 / Oman / 2,713,462 / $21.5 billion / $8,200 / 1996
24 / Russia / 144,978,573 / $1.27 trillion / $8,800 / 1993
25 / Qatar / 793,341 / $16.3 billion / $21,200 / 2003
26 / Pakistan / 147,663,429 / $299 billion / $2,100 / 2003
27 / Palestine / 2,000,000 / $4.3 billion / $1,600 / 2001
28 / Saudi Arabia / 23,513,330 / $241 billion / $10,600 / 1992
29 / Seychelles / 80,469 / $626 million / $7,800 / 1977
30 / Syria / 17,155,814 / $54.2 billion / $3,200 / 1973
31 / Tajikstan / 6,719,567 / $7.5 billion / $1,140 / 1994
32 / Tunisia / 9,815,644 / $64.5 billion / $6,600 / 1988
33 / Turkey / 67,308,928 / $468 billion / $7,000 / 1982
34 / Turkmenistan / 4,688,963 / $21.5 billion / $4,700 / 1992
35 / United Arab Emirates / 2,445,989 / $51 billion / $21,100 / 1971
36 / Uzbekistan / 25,563,441 / $62 billion / $2,500 / 1992
37 / Western Sahara / 256,177 / 1999
38 / Yemen / 18,701,257 / $14.8 billion / $820 / 1994
219 / Total / 755 million / $4.24 trillion / $5,615
AttorneyGeneralEducation
Hospitals & Asylums Title 24 US Code Chapter 2 §41-70
An Act of the United States House Rehabilitating Vacant Soldier’s and Airmen’s Home
By Anthony Joseph Sanders
Article 1 International Courts
§41 International Court of Justice
§42 International Court of Arbitration
§43 International Criminal Court
§44 European Court of Human Rights
§45 Inter-American Court of Human Rights §46 African Human and Peoples’Rights Court
Article 2 Federal Courts
§47 Supreme Court of the United States
§48 Federal Judiciary
§48a Circuit Court of Appeal
§48b District Court
§48c Bankruptcy Court
§48d US Sentencing Commission
§49 Tax Court
§50 Court of International Trade §51 Court ofFederal Claims
Article 3 Department of Justice
§52 Department of Justice
§52a Office of the Attorney General
§52b Office of the Deputy Attorney General
§52c Office of the Associate Attorney General §52d Office of the Solicitor General
§53a Office of Legal Counsel
§53b Office of Legislative Affairs
§53c Office of Professional Responsibility
§53d Office of Legal Policy
§53e Office of Public Affairs
§53f Office of the Pardon Attorney
§53g Office of Intelligence Policy Review
§54a Executive Office for Immigration Review
§54b Community Relations Service
§54c Executive Office for US Attorneys
§54d Executive Office for US Trustees
§54e INTERPOL
§54f Community Oriented Policing Services
§55 Office ofJustice Programs
§55a National Institute of Justice
§55b Bureau of Justice Statistics
§55c Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
§56 Justice Divisions
§56a Anti-Trust Division
§56b Civil Division
§56c Civil Rights Division
§56d Criminal Division
§56e Environment and Natural Resources Division
§56f Tax Division
§56g Justice Management Division
§57a FederalBureau of Investigation
§57b Bureau of Prisons
§57c Drug Enforcement Administration
§57d Bureau of Justice Assistance
§57e United States Marshall Service
§57f United States Parole Commission
§57g Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
§58 Department of Homeland Security
Article 4 State Courts
§59 State Supreme Courts
§59a County Courts
§59b Criminal Division
§59c Civil Division
§59d Traffic Division
§59e Appellate Court
§60a Municipal Court
§60b Drug Court
§60c Probate Court
§60d Juvenile Court
§60e Domestic Relations Court
Article 5 Employees
§61 TheClerk
§62 The Police
§63 Pre-Trial
§64 The Prosecutor
§65 Public Defender
§66 Corrections
§67 Judges
§68 Witnesses
§69 Prisoners
§70 Jurists
Article 1 International Courts
§41 International Court of Justice
(1) The International Court of Justice or World Court[1] was established by the UN General Assembly[2] in Chapter XIV of the 1945 Charter of the United Nations3[3] to settle disputes between states in Peace Palace at The Hague in the Netherlands. The World Court is the principle organ of the United Nations[4] and balances the power of the Security Council[5] to settle disputes between international[6] and constitutional[7] law.
(2) The World Court operates under the Statute of the Court[8] and the Rules of Court[9]. The Court dockets contentious cases between nations regarding the legality of the use of force, issues presented by the General Assembly, issues Advisory Opinions for Specialized Agencies Authorized to Request Advisory Opinions and settles international disputes regarding compensation. Post World War II interpretations of international law by the court are founded in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights[10], the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[11], the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide[12] and the1949 Geneva Convention[13]. The Court keeps records of their decisions[14]since its creation in 1947.
(3) The first published decision of the Court assisted the General Assembly to establish Condition for Admission ofa State to Membership[15]by reviewingArticle 4, paragraph 1, of the Charter enumerating that member nations be (1) a State; (2) peace-loving; (3) must accept the obligations of the Charter; (4) must be able to carry out these obligations; (5) must be willing to do so. The most recent published decision of the Court is Mexico v. United States of America where the court ordered the United States to grant clemency to those Mexican nationals scheduled to die and not to execute the 54 Mexican nationals sentenced to die in the United States. The argument is that (1) the prisoners have not been given the protection of the Mexican Consulate required by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations[16] and (2) the Mexican government, whose law prohibits the death penalty, furthermore demands that no Mexican nationals be executed by the USA[17]. It should be understood that the United States is under investigation for the excessive use of force in Afghanistan, unauthorized use of force in Iraq, abuse of the death penalty, unauthorized international slavery of Afghani and Iraqi militants and former Panamanian President Manuel Noriega who must be immediately released to the consulate of their nation of origin for release to their native country with a reasonable compensation for their time, and for having the highest concentration of slavery - 688 prisoners per 100,000- in the world.
§42 International Court of Arbitration
Since its foundation in 1923 by the International Chamber of Commerce[18] the International Court of Arbitration[19] has settled over 10,000 cases from more than 170 countries and territories in accordance with the Rules of Arbitration[20]. The purpose of the International Court of Arbitration is to improve the settlement of international Alternative Dispute Resolution and provide litigants with business disputes of an international character an alternative to the higher cost of settling in national courts by appointing one of 144 experts to arbitrate and settle the dispute while being monitored by the International Court of Arbitration.
§43International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court[21] is the most recent development in the international justice system and will try crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes and acts of aggression in accordance with the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court[22]. There are 18 judges from different states, nominated by their state and elected by 2/3 vote of the General Assembly to serve one 9 year, non-renewable term. The concept of an international criminal court has been floating around the United Nations since its inception in 1948 and has applied with the creation of permanent criminal tribunals for the nations of Rwanda and Yugoslavia. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia[23] was founded by UN Security Council Resolution 827 in 1993 to prosecute the grave breaches in international humanitarian law that began in 1991. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda[24] was created by UN Security Council Resolution 955 in 1994 to prosecute those responsible for genocide and breaches in international law, it has a current yearly budget of $177,739,400. The International Criminal Court should improve the prosecution of international crimes that are vetoed as resolutions by Permanent Members of the Security Council.
§44European Court of Human Rights
The European Court of Human Rights[25] is the oldest and busiest continental court in the world. The Court operates in conjunction with the laws of the Council of Europe[26]. The Court was founded in 1959 in accordance with the ratification of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Articles 40-56 [27] by European nations in 1953 to uphold the rights and freedoms enumerated in Articles 2-18 of the Convention. The bench currently accommodates 41 judges, 1 for each member nation, who are elected to serve 6 year terms by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe[28] Admission is reserved to the High Contracting Parties and the Commission on Human Rights to bring cases before the court in accordance with Article 44. The admission of more nations to the European Union has caused the number of applications registered annually with the Commission to increase from 404 in 1981 to 2,037 in 1993 to 4,750 in 1997. By 1997 the number of unregistered or provisional files opened each year in the Commission had risen to over 12,000.
§45 Inter-American Court of Human Rights[29]
(1) The Inter-American Court of Human Rights[30] was founded in 1978 as an autonomous judicial seat located in San Jose, Costa Rica composed of 7 judges elected for 6 year terms by the General Assembly of the Organization of American States[31] in accordance with Article 52 of the American Convention on Human Rights[32], the Statute of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights[33] and the Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights[34]. All cases are presented by member nations and the guests of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights[35].
(2) In Treaties Subject to the Consultative Jurisdiction the Court[36] the Court determined in 1982 that Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights grants the Inter-American Court of Human Rights an unlimited advisory jurisdiction rather than a limited venue for organizations to request such an opinion from the court as offered by the International Court of Justice. The model procedure is for the Court to issue a request to parties to submit their advisory opinions so that the court can come to a well-researched opinion regarding any treaty in the world.
§46 African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights
(1) A Protocol for an African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights[37] has been drafted to create a continental judicial authority founded upon the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights[38] to assist the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights[39] to build peaceful institutions and try violations of human rights that occur in African Republics. Admittance to the court would be limited to member states and intergovernmental organizations of the AfricanUnion[40]. The court would greatly improve the ability of the Commission on Human and People’s Rights to function as directed by Article 45 of the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights and expand the jurisdiction and influence of human and people’s rights in African judicial decisions…
(2) To promote Human and Peoples' Rights and in particular:
(a)to collect documents, undertake studies and researches on African problems in the field of human and peoples' rights, organize seminars, symposia and conferences, disseminate information, encourage national and local institutions concerned with human and peoples' rights, and should the case arise, give its views or make recommendations to Governments.
(b) to formulate and lay down, principles, rules and pass judgment aimed at solving legal problems relating to human and peoples' rights and fundamental freedoms upon which African Governments may base their legislations [and litigation settling the victims and perpetrators of violations of human and people’s rights financially and literately]
(c) co-operate with other African and international institutions concerned with the promotion and protection of human and peoples' rights and be entrusted with tasks by the Assembly of African Heads of State.
(3) The African Court of Human and People’s Rights would help to ensure the protection of human and peoples' rights and the improve the interpretation of the provisions of the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights as they settle the African continent.
Article 2 FederalCourts
§47 Supreme Court of the United States
(1) The US Supreme Court[41] is the highest court in the US. The Court is framed by Article III §1 of the US Constitution[42], Title 28 USCode (1)1[43] and the Rulesof the Supreme Court[44]. In co-operation with US Congress, the US Supreme Court amends the Federal Rules of Evidence[45], the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure[46], and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure[47].
(2) The chief justice and eight associate justices are appointed by the president of the United States, for a life term, with the consent of 2/3 of the Senate in accordance with Article II §2 of the U.S. Constitution[48]. When the time comes for a justice, particularly chief justice, to retire, associate justices are appointed to learn the procedures of the high court before a vacancy must be filled. Decisions of the Court since 1893 are kept on public record[49].
(3) Cases are filed in accordance with the Rules of Practice. Writ of certiorari are granted by the grace of the Supreme Court when a federal question arises in the court of appeals [or state supreme court] in accordance with III Rule 10. Original actions may be heard in all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party in accordance withIV Rule 17. Extraordinary writs are also sparingly reviewed in accordance with IV Rule 20. The 2000 year end report shows the total number of cases filed in the Supreme Court in 1999 to be 7,377. 5,282 were in forma pauperis. 2,092 paid the $300 filing fee, only 83 cases were argued and 79 were disposed of in 74-signed opinions.
(4) In the Amistad 40 US 518 (1841)[50] the Court recognized that the government of the United States is based on the principles promulgated in the Declaration of Independence, by the congress of 1776; 'that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; and that to secure these rights, governments are instituted.' Recollecting that there is among nations, as among men, a golden rule; let us do to them, as we wish them to do to us. Therefore be declared free and dismissed from the custody of the court.