The Longest of the Four Civilizations
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
I. Egypt
-located on the ______: “The Gift of the Nile.” Longest river in the world; flows into ______Sea.
-the longest of the four civilizations.
-annual flooding ______the soil.
A. Uniting Egypt
1. Early on, 2 ______developed.
a. The ______Kingdom in the ______
b. The______Kingdom in the ______
2. King ______united the two in ______. Kings were referred to as ______.
B. The Great Periods-time periods
1. The ______Kingdom
2. The ______Kingdom
3. The ______Kingdom
C. Egyptian Religion
-______, meaning they worshipped many gods (part ______& part ______).
Egyptian Gods:
1. ______-sky god.
2. Ra-______.
3. ______-god of life and death
-very dominant in their lifestyle.
-believed in ______after death.
-believed in ______, the preservation of the body. (______were embalmed first; this was a very ______ceremony.) (Mummification)
-caused government to be a ______, meaning the king acted as both ______and ______leader.
-was a ______, officials to whom the king delegated ______responsibilities. (Ka-sow)
D. Pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom (3 pyramids at Giza)
-These served as a place of ______for kings.
-They held the king’s clothing, furniture, and ______.
-There were secret ______.
-They took ______of workers and ______of years to build.
E. Egyptian Contributions
1. ______-ancient Egyptian writing system employing picture symbols.
(e.g.-______was used to decipher hieroglyphs.)
2. ______-enabled them to calculate area and volume.
3. ______-used to survey flooded land.
4. ______-An accurate 365 day calendar.
5. ______-Not only embalming, but doctors used splints, bandages, and compresses when treating fractures, wounds, and diseases.
II. India-Indus River Valley
-surrounded by ______: ______. The mountains served to block cold weather out of the valley and as protection.
-Due to seasonal ______, soil was rich for seasonal crops.
-They had to deal with ______-seasonal winds that would bring heavy rainfall.
A. India’s Religion
1. ______-polytheistic; the people believed in yoga and fasting, worshipping the cow. Major concepts:
a. ______-righteous living; duties to fulfill.
b. ______-all actions have a consequence.
c. ______: rebirth of the soul after death.
2. ______-founded by Siddharta Gautama, b. 566 B.C. (Buddha-The ______One). Buddha, a prince, wondered, meditated, fasted, denied himself pleasure, searching for a solution to end ______and ______.
Comprised Four ______Truths:
a. All know ______and sorrow.
b. Suffering is caused be ______.
c. People end suffering by eliminating their ______.
d. Eliminate desires by knowing ______, resisting ______, saying nothing to hurt others, controlling ______, meditating, etc.
*The goal was to achieve ______, meaning one could be one with the universe.
B. Contributions:
1. ______to make contracts.
2. Straight ______
3. ______for irrigation
III. China-Huang River Valley
-These people lived in isolation because of the Himalayas, near the Yellow Sea. Chinese history is divided into ______. Rulers of China (from the same family) had a mandate from heaven to form a ______. Most important dynasties: Shang, Zhou, Quin, & Han
A. Religion
1. ______
Confucious (b. 551 B.C.) was poor and sought to end ______by fulfilling a role in society. He had many wise ______, such as “Do not do unto others as you would not want done unto you.”
2. ______
-rejects social structures; belief in the fact that ______attract and Yin/Yang-life must be kept in ______.
B. Contributions to Society:
1. System of ______and ______
2. ______system
3. Educated ______
4. ______trade
5. ______(pottery)
6. The ______for protection
IV. Mesopotamia-Greek for “land between the rivers.”
-located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Fertile Crescent.
-Sumerian farmers first built ______to control flooding, and constructed ______and ditches to bring river water to irrigate their fields. Fertilized land produced food (grain crops) by ______B.C.
A. Religion
1. ______; their gods had specific powers over natural forces and human activity.
2. Their gods were ______and ______.
3. Humans had little control over their ______.
4. They built ______(temples) where the gods lived. (similar to ______)
5. ______-the religious leader was also the political leader; he was the mediator between the ______and the people.
B. Writing
1. ______were used; they also developed a model for the alphabet.
2. ______wrote on clay; tablets had to dry.
3. They wrote ______-long poems (e.g.-Gilgamesh,)
4. They wrote ______-short bits of advice.
a. One bird in hand is worth two in the nest.
b. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow.
c. A penny saved is a penny earned.
d. A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. (Prov. 15:1)
e. A fool’s lips bring him strife, and his mouth invites a beating. (Prov. 18:6)
5. Hammurabi’s Code
-Hammurabi, the leader of ______had a written set of ______that regulated society and trade.
a. He created a ______system.
b. There was a specific ______for the violation of laws.
(e.g.-“an eye for an eye.”)
c. There were differing punishments for ______classes.
C. Contributions to Society
1. Dams and Canals
2. ______wheel
3. ______wheel
4. ______-to keep time
5. 12 month ______based on the cycles of the ______
6. Metal ______
V. The Hebrews
A people that grew out of Mesopotamia, lived in Canaan, and were monotheistic-a belief in one all-powerful God (Yahweh). The Bible records their beliefs and history.
A. Beliefs
1. ______determines right and wrong.
2. People should deal ______with each other.
3. People should accept moral ______for their actions.
B. History-recorded in the Old Testament.
1. ______
a. Moved from Mesopotamia to Canaan at God’s command. (1900 B.C.)
b. God made a covenant (agreement): God would bless Abraham and his descendants if they would remain faithful to God.
2. ______(Israel)
a. Abraham’s grandson
b. Jacob had 12 sons, which would grow into tribes (Israelites).
c. Due to a famine, they migrated to Egypt, where pharaohs enslaved them.
3. ______
a. He led them out of Egypt in an exodus (departure) into the Sinai desert.
b. The covenant was renewed as the Israelites pledged to obey God’s laws, the most important-______
4. ______
a. He led them across the Jordan River into Canaan
b. After the “judges”, the Israelites wanted a king.
5. ______
a. Although popular at first, he failed to defeat the Philistines.
b. Battled with David over the throne.
6. ______
a. Slayed the giant Philistine, Goliath.
b. He took the throne in 1012 B.C.
c. Organized a central government at Jerusalem.
d. Wrote Psalms.
7. ______
a. Constructed a temple in Jerusalem.
b. Wrote Proverbs.
8. ______
a. After Solomon, the kingdom divided-Israel & Judah.
b. Invaded by Assyrians (722 B.C.), Chaldeans (586 B.C.)-were exiled to Babylon.
Prophets were ______who interpreted God’s will to the ______, who became known as ______after the Babylonian exile.