Movements & Eras

Great Awakening (1730s)

-New Lights:

  • Jonathan Edwards- hellfire, God’s grace
  • George Whitefield- emotionalism

-Emergence and growth of Baptist & Methodist

-Authority of older clergy (Old Lights) undermined

-Camp meetings

Major Effects:

-Missionaries attempt convert Indians & slaves

-Establishment ofcolleges & universities (classics, religion)

-Helped democratize religion in colonies & took power away from churches & ministers

The American Revolution (last half of 18th century)

French & Indian War led to:

-Salutary Neglect - > mercantilismto pay off war debts

-Proclamation Line of 1763

-Privy Council-could void American laws

-George Grenville- suggested enforcement of Navigation Laws(American goods only ship on British ships)

-Sugar Act (1764)- tax molasses & other imports like textiles, wines, coffee, indigo, sugar

-Quartering Act (1765)

-Stamp Act (1765)

  • Stamp Act Congress- non-importation agreements, Declaration of Rights and Grievances

-Quatering Act (1765)- forced colonists to feed, supply, and house British soilders

-Townshend Acts (1767)- indirect tax on paper, lead, paint, tea

  • Boston Massacre (1770)
  • Boston Tea Party (1773)
  • Committees of correspondence (1772)- intercolonial communication—news, resistance, organization

-Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1774)- Boston Port Act, Quebec Act, Massachusetts Government Act (cancelled city elections & indefinitely closed down town meetings)

  • First Continental Congress (1774)- NOT independence- list of grievances, declaration of rights

Revolution begins:

-LexingtonConcord-ordered to arrest Samuel Adams & John Hancock; first shot Apr. 1775

-Hessians (German)—British hired to support war effort

-Loyalists (remained loyal to British)

-Patriots (rebels)

  • +: Leadership, French aid, defensive, have a cause= freedom, known geography
  • -: split, money problems, no navy

-Moderates (no preference for side)

-Profiteers (saw Revolution as an opportunity to gain profit)

-Second Continental Congress:

  • George Washington as general
  • raise money for army & navy
  • 2nd list of grievances
  • Olive Branch Petition: remain loyal to crown if king grants them their wishes (ignored)

-Battle of Bunker Hill- British assault & won but Americans proved themselves to be hard opponent

-Thomas Paine’s Common Sense- independence, republic

-Richard Henry Lee- suggested declaration of independence! (June , passed July 2), Jefferson wrote Declaration

-Trenton-Washington launched surprise attack by going across Delaware R. on Dec. 26, boosted morale

-Princeton- another victory

-Battle of Saratoga- victory; led to success of negotiation of alliance w/ France by Benjamin Franklin (Franco-American Treaty (1778)

-Yorktown- Cornwallis surrendered; end of war… -> French navy, Washington, Rochambeau

-Treaty of Paris (1783)-independence, fishing rights in Newfoundland, Loyalists treated fairly

After independence:

-Property qualification for voting lower

-legislative rep. for backcountry increase

-lands confiscated from Loyalists returned

-Articles of Confederation

Second Great Awakening(early to mid-19th century)

-based on scientific & logic rather than faith (Deism)

-less based on “Hellfire” & other religious concepts

-raised moral standards => saved through “good works” (Unitarians)

-appealed to commons; rural movement

-emotions

-“Burned-Over District” – western NY (hellfire, reform movements)

-new faiths/branches of Christianity appear after Second Great Awakening (“revival of faith”)

  • Mormons sect emerged & grew

Effects:

Utopian societies:

-reforms of faiths & sects

-led to thinking that if perfect societies could be made, then the ills of society could be eliminated

-New Harmony (Indiana)- Robert Owen: intellectual (decline due to confusion & infighting)

-Brook Farm (Mass.) – Transcendentalists (reason & logic/knowledge beyond senses)

-Oneida Community- start NY- free love, birth control, selecting parents to have planned children

-Shakers- Mother Ann Lee: stressed simplicity & separated sexes

Cult of domesticity

-a new sense of faith led to the idea that women were spiritually weaker but purer and more morally conscious than men who were seen as barbaric and uncivilized

-this led to the idea that women should “civilize” the men at home and civilize men (cult)

-“separate, proper sphere” for women

-Mostly in NW- middle/upper class

-Passive, delicate creature

-Teach those around Christian beliefs

Reform Movements (most leaders were female):

-Abolition movement (slavery)

  • William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator (immediate abolition)
  • Greatest support in the North (but not all agree with it)

-Temperance movement (ban manufacture, sale, consumption of alcohol)

  • American Temperance Society (1826)

-Prison reform

-Asylum reform

  • Dorothea Dix- reported the state of mentally ill; led to establishment of one of first asylums devoted entirely to caring for mentally ill

-Education reform

  • Sought to expand public education
  • Horace Mann- fought for higher teacher qualifications, better pay, newer school buildings, improved curriculum (less focus on classics & other traditional subjects and more on math and other practical subjects that would help student in everyday life)

-Women Suffrage

  • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) in NY
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott
  • Declaration of Sentiments

Market Revolution(antebellum period; before Civil War)

-Change in labor system from farms to factories

-Predecessor to Industrial Revolution

-New inventions & developments:

  • Samuel Slater- brought plans of factory system to America 1791
  • Cotton gin & interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney)
  • Sewing machine (Elias Howe & Isaac Singer)
  • Steel plow (John Deere)
  • Mechanical mower-reaper (Cyrus McCormick)
  • Telegraph (Samuel Morse)- allowed for instant communication
  • Limited liability corporation- companies that ensured that if a company goes bankrupt, the investor would only lose what he invested

-Transportation Revolution:

  • Lancaster Turnpike (first hard-surfaced highway, finished 1795)
  • Cumberland (National) Road (1839)- first feudal-funded road (linked MarylandIllinois)
  • Erie Canal (1825): waterway in New York built by Dewitt Clinton using state funds
  • Clipper ships- light & fast’ carried cargo to foreign nations; replaced by steamboats
  • Steamboats (Robert Fulton)- did not require wind; allowed for rivers to be two-way streets
  • Railroads

General effects:

-division of labor:

  • North: manufacturing
  • South: cotton
  • West: grain & foodstuff

-cheaper and faster to transport things

-# steamboats increase, allowed carrying capacity to double & manufactured goods to shipped @ low cost

-Erie Canal (1825)- value of land increase

-Industry boomed

-More land available because accessible

-increase immigrants

-more opportunities in west

Effects on the Northwest:

-new factory-based economy

-“wage slaves”

-widened gap between rich & poor (a kind of caste system)

-Roger B. Taney- “rights of community” => encouraged business

-“limited liability” encourage new companies

-Standard of living rose

-Becoming more urbanized

-Wage workers

Effects on the South:

-dependence on cotton (King Cotton)

-more isolated (because transportation linked North & West)

-increase slave labor

-Standard of living improved but lagged behind W & N

-increase slavery due to efficiency

The Industrial Revolution (after Civil War)

Monopolies & corruption

-Andrew Carnegie- vertical; steel

-John D. Rockefeller- horizontal; oil

-Cornelius & William Vanderbilt – railroad

-J.P. Morgan

Labor movement

-National Labor Unnion (NLU) 1866- 1872

-Knights of Labor 1869// Haymarket Square Bombing 1886

-AF of L 1886- Samuel Gompers

-Railroad strike 1877 (10% wage cut over 4 years)

-Coeur d’Alene Strike 1892- Idaho; silver miners (wage cut)

-Homestead Strike 1892- steel workers (Pittsburg)- wage cuts

-Pullman Strike 1894- cut wages by 30%; leader= Eugene V. Debs (fed, troops sent)

Society

-Increased immigration from s. & e. Europe

-American protection Association (nativist)

-Jane Addam- Hull House Chicago

-Lillian Wald- Henry Street Settlement House

-Women’s movement

  • Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Women and Economics 1898
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • Victoria Woodhull- conscriptions advocate

Indians

-Helen Hunt Jackson- A Century of Dishonor 1881

-Sand reek Massacre 1864 (slaughter by Union)

-Siuox Wars- 1860s, 1870s

-Nez Perce under Chief Joseph 1877

-Geronimo- Battle of Wounded Knee 1890

-Dawes Severalty Act 1887- assimilation; divided tribal lands (outlawed ownership of land)

Farmers

-High tariffs, Depression of 1893, debt, railroad fees -> National Grange

-Granger Laws- states regulate grain elevators & railroad freights

-Farmers’ Alliance & Populist Party (1892 election)

  • Unlimited cheap silver money
  • Government ownership of all railroads & telephone co.
  • Graduated income tax
  • Direct election of senators
  • Single-term limit for pres.
  • Immigration restriction
  • Shorter workdays

Progressive Movement (1890s ~ 1914)

Theodore Roosevelt:

-“Muckrakers”—exposed corruption in factories

  • The Jungle by Upton Sinclair – meatpacking factories (led to Meat Inspection Act & Food and Drug Act
  • How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis—photography to describe conditions of the urban poor
  • History of the Standard Oil Company by Ida Tarbell – led to the closedown of Standard Oil Co.
  • Wealth Against Commonwealth by Henry Demarest Lloyd—investigated monopolies
  • The Shame of Cities by Lincoln Steffens—exposed corruption

-Square Deal—3 C’s: consumer protection, conservation of natural resources, control of corporations

  • Trustbusting: Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
  • First was Northern Securities Railroad Company
  • Bust “bad” trusts; tame “good” ones
  • Regulation: Elkins Act 1903, Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act

-Progressivism in legislations/state

  • Direct primary: elect nominees for political party
  • Legislative imitative: vote directly for specific legislation
  • Referendum: vote on whether to accept or reject government legislation
  • Recall: vote government officials out of office in special elections
  • Robert M. La Follette (Wisconsin)
  • Workers’ compensation & workplace regulation
  • Environmental conservation
  • Higher taxes on railroads
  • 1st modern state income tax

(Taft continued trustbusting including U.S. Steel Corporation; did so more than TR)

Woodrow Wilson:

-New Freedom: “triple wall of privilege”

  • Tariff: Underwood Tariff 1913
  • Banks: Federal Reserve Act 1913— created the Federal Reserve Board that oversaw 12 regional federal banks and was given the power to issue paper money
  • Trusts: Clayton Antitrust Act 1914; Federal Trade Commission Act 1914—Federal Trade Commission to investigate & prosecute businesses

Progressive women (large catalyst in movement)—prohibition

-Muller v. Oregon 1908: laws protecting female workers = constitutional

-Women’s Bureau & Children’s Bureau

-Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire 1911—women reformers gained momentum after

  • Prompted many states to pass laws to regulate hours & conditions

-Prohibition:

  • Francis Willard— Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU); against alcohol & later joined by Anti-Saloon League
  • 18th Amendment (Prohibition)- banned sale, consumption, and possession of alcohol

Civil Rights Movement

Prologue

-Jim Crow Laws & Sweatt v. Painter 1950 (black professional schools not equal to white)—racist mindset in the South

-Turning point: Brown v. Board of Education (1954)- desegregation in schools

Official beginning

-Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in “white” section of bus 1955

-Martin Luther King Jr.—advocated nonviolent protest

-Central High incident (Little Rock, AL) 1957

  • Governor refused to let nine African Americans into the school & ordered the National Guard to continue segregation
  • Eisenhower ordered troops to escort students

-Civil Rights Act 1957- est. permanent Civil Rights Commission

  • Investigated violations of civil rights & protected voting rights

-Freedom Riders: civil rights activists who sat in segregated buses as form of protest

-Sit-in movement (started in Greensboro, North Carolina) 1960

  • Led to formation of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

-James Meredith (~1961): blocked from enrolling at the University of Mississippi by white students

  • JFK sent in federal marshals and troops to escort him

-24th Amendment 1962: abolished poll taxes (mark end to nonviolent protests)

-Disaster at Birmingham 1963: MLK and his peaceful protestors were attacked by police dogs, electric cattle prods, and high pressure water houses

  • Broadcasted on TV => helped the public accept integration; change public opinion

-Voting Rights Acts of 1965: made literacy tests illegal

Movement splits: violence

-Malcolm X—supported black separatism & spoke about violence against whites

-Black Panther party—leftist organization for blacks that supported Black Power (encourage independent of white society); ran streets with weapons

-Beginning 1964: riots in major cities

Affirmative Action (“reverse discrimination”)

-Milliken v. Bradley(1974): desegregation plans could not make students move across school district lines

-affirmative action programs: programs meant to create equal opportunities for minorities; backlash with cries of reverse discrimination

-Bakke case (1878): admission preference cannot be based on race, but race can be used in overall admission policies to help balance out student demography ratios