INTRODUCTION
1. General
The food supply balance sheet is a consolidated record of the various types of food available to the public in the surveyed year. The balance sheet organizes the various food products according to their sources, and according to the calculations of their nutritional value: Nutritional energy (calories),[1] protein, fats, minerals and vitamins, by average per capita per day, for the average population of the country.
The food balance sheet refers to the quantity of products available, rather than to the amount that the public actually buys or consumes.
The food balance does not include: food supplements, i.e., minerals and vitamins added to food or marketed separately; and imported high-calorie drinks, e.g., high-calorie drinks for athletes.
The food supply balance provides information to policy-makers regarding the amount of own production of food in Israel, and the extent of Israel’s dependence on imports of food commodities. It also provides information that is used to make policies in the following areas: subsidies for the basic food products; the rate of customs duty levied on imports; import quotas set by the Ministry of Agriculture; and the addition of minerals and vitamins to basic food products.
The balance sheet is prepared in the format set by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) with adjustments to the conditions in Israel.
2. Main Findings
A. Main Sources of Nutritional energy, Protein and Fats Supply, 2011
The food supply balance shows that the caloric value of food available to the average population of Israel in 2011 amounted to 3,700 kilocalories per capita per day, compared with 3,667 kilocalories per capita per day in 2010.
TABLE A.- FOOD SUPPLY BALANCE SHEET - MAIN SOURCES
2011
Per capita per year
Commodity / Unit / 2011Cereals and cereal products / Kg / 137
Potatoes and starches / Kg / 43
Sugar, sweets, and honey / Kg / 29
Legumes, oil grains, and nuts / Kg / 17
Vegetables (incl. melons) / Kg / 197
Fruit (incl. citrus) / Kg / 204
Thereof: Citrus / Kg / 126
Alcoholic beverages (imported) / Liters / 5
Stimulants (coffee, tea and cocoa beans) / Kg / 6
Oils and fats / Kg / 25
Meat (boneless) / Kg / 72
Fish (boneless) / Kg / 7
Eggs / Units / 250
Milk and dairy products / Kg / 186
Mineral water / Liters / 58
TABLE B.- SUPPLY OF NUTRITIONAL ENERGY, BY FOOD GROUP
2011
Nutritional energy per capita per day (kilocalories) –
total / 3,700
Percentages – total
/ 100Cereals and cereal products / 35
Oils and fats / 16
Vegetables, fruit and potatoes / 13
Meat / 11
Milk and dairy products / 8
Sugar, sweets, and honey / 8
Legumes, oil grains, and nuts / 5
Fish and eggs / 2
Beverages and stimulants / 1
TABLE C.- SUPPLY OF PROTEINS, BY SOURCE AND BY FOOD GROUP
2011
Protein per capita per day (gram) – total / 117
Percentages – total
/ 100From live sources / 51
Thereof: Meat / 31
Milk and dairy products / 13
Fish / 3
Eggs / 3
From vegetable sources / 49
Thereof: Cereal and cereal products / 33
TABLE D.- SUPPLY OF FATS, BY SOURCE AND BY FOOD GROUP
2011
Fats per capita per day (gram) – total / 141
Percentages – total
/ 100From vegetable sources / 65
Thereof: Vegetable oils / 48
From live sources / 35
Thereof: Meat / 21
Milk and dairy products / 11
AMOUNT OF FOOD AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC (FOOD SUPPLY), Compared with the Recommended nutritional allowance, 2010, 2011
The recommended level of consumption (Recommended Nutritional Allowances - RDA) is set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Washington D.C., US.
The RDA was established at a level which provides the nutritional consumption of most of the adult population (97%–98%), excluding population groups with special needs, such as: infants, pregnant or breast-feeding women, and adults over age 70.
TABLE E.- ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, MINERALS AND VITAMINS PER CAPITA PER DAY, COMPARED WITH THE RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE
2011
per capita per day / Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
per capita per day
2010 / 2011
Essential Nutrients
Carbohydrates / Gram / 508 / 520 / 130
Proteins / Gram / 111 / 117 / 50
Fats / Gram / 146 / 141 / Not set yet
Minerals
Calcium / Milligram / 851(1) / 911(1) / 1,200
Iron / Milligram / 27 / 27 / 11
Vitamins
Vitamin A / International Units / 6,548 / 6, 767 / 2,667
Vitamin B1 / Milligram / 2.6 / 2.6 / 1.2
Vitamin B2 / Milligram / 2.1 / 2.1 / 1.2
Vitamin B3 / Milligram / 34.1 / 36.1 / 15.0
Vitamin C / Milligram / 209.0 / 221.1 / 82.5
(1) Not including calcium supplements in milk and dairy products, due to lack of data.
Import Dependency Ratio (IDR)
The Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) provides information on the extent to which Israel is dependent on import of foods.
The IDR is calculated according to the international definition of the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). It does not include change in stocks, because the origin of the stocks (own-produced or imported) is not known. The IDR is based on the assumption that the origin of the stocks did not change substantially over the surveyed years.
The IDR is calculated for the available supply, before deducting industrial uses, waste, seeds for sowing, and animal feed.
Imports
IDR = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––– * 100
(Production + Imports) – Exports
When the IDR is higher than 100%, exports are dependent on imports. Those cases usually occur when a certain component of an export product is imported. For example, exports of jam depend on imports of raw sugar, which is used to produce the jam.
In 2011:
The Import Dependency Ratio of sugar, sweets and honey was 146%.
98% of the supply of cereals and cereal products was imported.
84% of the available supply of fish in Israel was dependent on imports.
The Import Dependency Ratio of beef, legumes, oil grains and nuts in Israel was high.
31% of the supply of oil and fats, and 34% of the supply of vegetables, fruit, and potatoes was imported.
In contrast, Israel produced approximately 100% of the available supply of poultry and turkey, and the IDR for milk and dairy products was only 6%.
TABLE F.- IMPORT DEPENDENCY RATIO OF SELECTED COUNTRIES, BY MAIN FOOD GROUP
2007
Percentages
Cereals and cereal products / Vegetables, fruits and potatoes / Meat(1) and fish / Milk and dairy productsIsrael / 97.0 / 32.4 / 19.2 / 8.4
Egypt / 36.9 / 0.8 / 23.8 / 5.6
Spain / 38.1 / 24.9 / 38.6 / 40.8
Greece / 36.9 / 14.3 / 68.2 / 57.3
USA / 2.9 / 29.8 / 15.0 / 5.6
France / 11.0 / 45.7 / 45.7 / 16.7
(1) Incl. beef, mutton and goat, pork, poultry, turkey, and innards.
The Import Dependency Ratio for different countries varies in accordance with the different food groups.
In 2007, 97% of the supply of cereals and cereal products in Israel were imported, compared with only 2.9% of the supply of those products in the US.
Regarding milk and dairy products, Spain’s IDR was 4.8 higher than that of Israel.
B. Main Sources of Nutritional energy, Protein and Fats Supply, 1950–2011
The composition of the food supply has undergone a number of changes over the years.
The time series on food sources present the history of agriculture and nutrition in Israel, the changes in local food consumption habits, and the changes in patterns of import and export of food commodities.
Supply of Nutritional energy
The most significant change in the supply of nutritional energy was a consistent decline in the relative share of the total nutritional energy supplied by cereals and their products in the years 1950-2000 (from 48% to 31%). From the year 2000 there was a slight rise in the share of the cereals. There was a gradual rise in the share of oils and fats from 13% in 1950 to 19% in 2010, and in 2011 there was an increase to 16%. Between 1950 and 1980, the amount of nutritional energy supplied from meat rose significantly – from 4% to 9%. Since then, for the past 40 years, the relative share of meat has remained relatively stable (about 11% in 2011).
Supply of Nutritional Energy – International Comparison
The supply of nutritional energy in Israel is lower than that of countries such as the United States and Italy, similar to countries such as Germany and France, and higher than countries such as Japan, Spain, and Egypt.
The supply of both fats and of protein is similar to Spain, lower than that of the United States and France, and higher than that of Egypt, Japan, and the Russian Federation. The supply of protein is also higher than that of Turkey.
TABLE G.- SUPPLY OF NUTRITIONAL ENERGY, FATS AND PROTEIN PER CAPITA PER DAY -INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
2007
ISRAEL / 3,522 / 154.4 / 110.8
Australia / 3,227 / 142.8 / 109.9
Italy / 3,646 / 158.6 / 111.4
United States / 3,748 / 160.2 / 113.6
Germany / 3,547 / 144.3 / 101.0
United Kingdom / 3,458 / 145.5 / 104.5
Turkey / 3,517 / 106.9 / 100.0
Japan / 2,812 / 89.6 / 91.8
Egypt / 3,195 / 55.0 / 92.4
Spain / 3,272 / 153.3 / 109.7
France / 3,532 / 164.7 / 112.9
Canada / 3,532 / 146.6 / 105.6
Russian Federation / 3,376 / 94.4 / 100.0
Supply of Proteins
The data of the protein supply throughout the years point to a rise in the relative share of proteins deriving from live sources – from 38% in 1950, to 51% in 1990. Since 1990 the relative share of proteins deriving from live sources is similar to protein provided by vegetative sources.
Over the years, there has been a change in the relative share of proteins from live sources: the relative share deriving from meat tripled, whereas the relative share deriving from milk and dairy products, eggs and fish fell significantly.
Supply of fats
The relative share of the supply of fats deriving from vegetative and live sources has remained stable from 1950 to date: 65% and 35%, respectively.
In 2011, the relative share of meat in the supply of fats deriving from live sources was double the share in 1950. In contrast, the relative share of fats deriving from eggs was one-third the share in 1950. In 1960, fish were already an insignificant source of fats (about 2%).
3. Terms, Definitions and Explanations
Commodity: The food commodities recorded here are generally “primary” commodities. These commodities serve as the basis for calculating the nutritional values of food commodities obtained from them. For example, the item “wheat” contains wheat used for manufacture of bread, biscuits, noodles, etc., except for quantities that are a component of another commodity in the balance sheet.
The “primary” food commodities were eliminated and were expressed in their basic form; i.e., jams appear under “fruit and sugar”, margarine appears under “oils and fats”, etc. As of 2001, it was decided to add drinks (including water, alcoholic beverages, beer and imported wines) and stimulants (coffee, tea, and cocoa beans) to the food supply balance sheet according to the FAO guidelines.
Eggs: appear in the balance in kilograms (one egg weighs 56 grams on the average).
Meat: beef, mutton and goat, and pork appear in the balance without bones, inedible organs and innards (carcass weight). Innards appear as a separate item.
Poultry and turkey appear in the balance with innards and without bones.
Each animal has a multiplication factor received from the veterinary services and the Ministry of Agriculture’s professional training instructors, in order to convert the live weight into carcass weight.
Fish: fresh and frozen fish – includes locally produced and imported fish. Frozen fillets, herring, and other kinds of fish include only imports.
Milk: appears in the balance in kilograms (1 liter milk x 1.032 = 1 kilogram of milk).
Powdered milk: includes imports only. Locally produced powdered milk appears under the primary commodity “milk”.
Vegetables and melons: including corn, watermelons and other melons.
Stimulants: added to the balance in 2001, and includes coffee, tea and cocoa beans.
From live sources: includes meat, eggs, fish, milk and dairy products.
Beverages: added to the balance in 2001. This item includes imported and locally produced mineral water as well as imported wine and beer, and alcoholic beverages. It does not include locally produced wine and beer, which appear under other categories: locally produced wine is included under “grapes”, and locally produced beer is included under “barley”.
Fresh fruits excluding citrus: this group does not include olives for oil, almonds and pecan nuts. Those appear in different items in the balance
Legumes: includes beans, chickpeas, lentils, horse beans, peas and soy beans.