Biology 101: Spring 2007

The Diversity of Animals (Kingdom Animalia): Part 1

Lecture outline

I.Kingdom Animalia overview/key features

II.Phylum Porifera: key features/focus on choanocytes

III.Phylum Cnidaria

  1. Key features
  2. Focus on cnidocytes

IV.Phylum Platyhelminthes: key features

V.Phylum Annelida

  1. Key features
  2. Diversity

VI.Phylum Mollusca

  1. Molluscan body plan (includes key features)
  2. Molluscan groups (gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods)

VII.Phylum Arthropoda

  1. Key features
  2. Arthropod groups (insects, arachnids, myriapods and crustaceans)

VIII.Phylum Nematoda (brief overview)

IX.Phylum Echinodermata

  1. Key features
  2. Feeding and regeneration in sea stars

Study questions

NOTE: Several of these questions integrate various parts of the lecture, so you can’t just find one slide or section of the text for the answers…

Also…there is a lot of phylum-specific terminology here. I recommend that you make flashcards of the specialized structures with their names on the front, and their Phylum and function on the reverse side. I also recommend you make “Phylum flashcards” with the name on one side and key members/key features on the reverse.

And a word on capitalization (or not) of Phyla and groups designated by Latin names (except genus/species): If it is written in its Latin form (such as “Arthropoda”) it gets capitalized, but if it has an anglicized ending (i.e. “arthropods”, then it doesn’t have to be capitalized…) I just didn’t want you to think I was being sloppy…

  1. Are animals Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes? Multicellular? Autotrophs or heterotrophs?
  1. Do animal cells have cell walls?
  1. What are tissues? Which is the only Phylum that does not have tissues?
  1. How does a sponge move water through itself? Be sure to name the specific cell type as well as the cell structure that creates the movement. What are the other functions of this cell type?
  1. Be able to trace the path of water through the sponge.
  1. What are spicules?
  1. Which animal Phylum discussed in class has radially-symmetrical members?
  1. Give some examples of cnidarians.
  1. How many tissue layers comprise the body of a cnidarian?
  1. List/briefly describe the major functions of a cnidarian’s gastrovascular cavity.
  1. What are cnidocytes? Briefly describe how a cnidocyte works.
  1. Describe the features that tend to be linked to bilateral symmetry. Also, name all Phyla of animals that have bilateral symmetry at some stage in their life.
  1. How do Platyhelminthes feed? How does their gastrovascular cavity compare to that of Cnidarians (i.e. what is one key difference?)
  1. Which animal phylum has members whose penis may serve in feeding as well as reproduction?
  1. How is segmentation advantageous for the Annelida?
  1. What is coelom? What are the functions of the coelom in the Annelida?
  1. Describe the basic appearance/function of the following molluscan structures:
  2. shell
  3. mantle
  4. foot
  5. radula
  1. The outer body covering of molluscs without shells is the ______.
  2. Which Class of Phylum Mollusca (i.e. the gastropods, bivalves, or cephalopods):
  3. are filter-feeders?
  4. are “head-footed?”
  5. crawl along on their foot?
  6. include the oysters, clams, mussels, etc…?
  7. have a closed circulatory system?
  8. are fast-moving predators?
  9. have “lost their heads?”
  10. include the nautilus, squids and octopuses?
  11. include both snails and slugs (land and sea?)
  12. have two shells that can close up?
  13. have reduced shells?
  1. How do most aquatic molluscs carry out gas exchange? What structure is modified for gas exchange in land snails?
  1. Which animal phylum has more species and individuals than any other phylum?
  1. What are the key features of Phylum Arthropoda?
  1. What is molting? How can an arthropod grow larger if it builds its new exoskeleton beneath the old one?
  1. What chemical strengthens the exoskeleton of the Arthropoda? Name a completely unrelated Kingdom whose members’ cell walls are strengthened by the same substance.
  1. What are the major functions of antennae in the Arthropoda?
  1. Which Arthropoda group(s)
  2. one pair of antennae (hint: 2 groups)
  3. two pair of antennae (hint: 1 group)
  4. no antennae at all! (hint: 1 group)
  5. have three pairs of legs (1 group)
  6. are mostly aquatic (1 group)
  7. tend to be predatory meat eaters or blood suckers (1 group)
  8. have many, many pairs of legs (1 group)
  9. fly! (1 group)
  1. What is meant by a compound eye? Which two groups of arthropods generally have compound eyes?
  1. Name the four major groups of Phylum Arthropoda, including examples of group members. (Also, be sure you are familiar with the examples presented in class.)
  1. How does a spider eat?
  1. How does a barnacle feed? (Your professor made a huge effort to describe this, so you better know it!)
  1. What do nematodes and arthropods have in common?
  1. Tricinella (the worm that causes trichinosis) and heartworms, are both members of which Phyla?
  1. What is a key ecological role of the nematodes?
  1. Which is the “spiny-skinned” Phylum?
  1. List/briefly describe the four key features of Phylum Echinodermata.
  1. Which two structures are used for gas exchange in sea stars?
  1. What is meant by a closed circulatory system? Indicate whether each of the following groups has a closed or open circulatory system. (NOTE: Phyla that we discussed, but that are not listed here, have no circulatory systems!)
  2. Phylum Annelida
  3. Phylum Mollusca; except for Class Cephalopoda (squids, et al.)
  4. Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda only
  5. Phylum Arthropoda
  6. Phylum Chordata (Vertebrata)
  1. Which is more efficient, an open or a closed circulatory system?
  1. Which animal phyla:
  2. have members with brains?
  3. have members with ventral nerve cords?
  4. have members with dorsal nerve cords?
  5. have only a nerve net?
  6. have a nervous system that parallels the water vascular system?
  1. How do the ochre stars off our coast feed on mussels?

Page 1 of 4