APEH – Unit 2 – Chapter 12 Reading Comprehension Guide 1
The Age of Religious Wars – Study Guide
The Western Heritage, since 1300.10th Ed. Kagan, Ozment, and Turner.
Name: ______Class: ______
MAJOR THEMES / BIG QUESTIONS: (as you work through the chapter, bear these questions in mind)
1. Why was there war between Calvinists and Catholics in France?
2. What was the importance of Spanish occupation of the Netherlands?
3. Why did England and Spain struggle over supremacy?
4. What happened to Europe during the Thirty Years’ War?
**The worst wars throughout history have been fought in the name of religion – Christian against non-Christian, Catholic against Protestant, Protestant factions against other Protestants – believers versus non-believers.**
Reading Comprehension Questions Start HERE!!!
pp. 351-358: French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
Write DEFINITION for the following terms for this section:
presbyterssynodbaroquepolitiqueHuguenot
edictcapitulationbody politic
Write the following ID TERMS for this section:
Catherine de MedicisHenry IV (of Navarre)
1)Which Protestant religion struggled to secure rights and freedoms in Central Europe during the first half of the 16th century? Which Protestant religion struggled to secure recognition in Western Europe?
2)What type of organization did Calvinism adopt? How was it organized?
3)How was the Catholic Church organized as a result of the Council of Trent?
4)What provided for the first wave of Protestant persecution in France?
5)What did enforcement of the Edicts of Fontainebleau and Chateaubriand do to French Protestants?
6)How did Francis II come to be king of France? Who was his 18-year-old widow?
7)What three powerful families competed for power in France? What geographic areas did they influence? What religious affiliations did each have? (Tip: Make a chart)
8)To what conspiracy did Calvin object? For what reason?
9)Catherine de Medicis was the wife of Henry II and the mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Was she Catholic or Protestant? What was her number one priority?
10)What event marked the beginning of the French wars of religion?
11)How does the Peace of Saint-Germain-En-Laye demonstrate shifting alliances?
12)What was the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre? What were Pope Gregory XIII and King Philip II’s (Spain) reaction to it? Why was Philip so pleased?
13)Why did Protestants sanction political resistance?
- What approach did Lutherans take?
- What was Calvin’s stance concerning political resistance?
- Who was John Knox and what was his stance concerning political resistance?
- What were the three main works published by the Calvinists?
14)Who supported Henry III? Why?
15)What treaty granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom? Did it last?
16)Why did Henry III truncate the treaty and circumscribe areas of Huguenot worship?
17)When the Catholic and Huguenot military factions resumed their fight, who led the Protestant faction? How was he heir to the French throne?
18)What was the Day of Barricades? Why did Henry III have to ally with Henry of Navarre? How did Henry of Navarre come to be king?
- What was Pope Sixtus V and Philip II’s reaction to the possibility of a Protestant France?
- Why did Henry IV (of Navarre) say “Paris is worth a Mass”? Is he a politique?
19)What was the significance of the Edict of Nantes, 1598? How long did it last?
pp. 358-362:Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556-1598)
Write DEFINITION for the following terms for this section:
hegemonyiconoclasmtitular
Write the following ID TERMS for this section:
Battle of Lepanto, 1571
1)According to Kagan what were the four pillars of Spanish power? Describe each one.
The Revolt in the Netherlands
2)What was the richest area of Philip’s empire?
3)Who was Cardinal Granvelle? What was his goal for the Netherlands? What one word describes the merchant towns of the Netherlands? How would you rate the Netherlands’s general level of acceptance of other religions as compared to the rest of Europe at this time?
4)Who were the two members of the council of state who formed a strong opposition to the Spanish overlords? How could William of Orange be considered a politique?
5)What was The Compromise?
6)Who was the duke of Alba? Why was he hated? What was the Council of Troubles? The Council of Blood?
7)Who were the Sea Beggars? What did they do?
8)What was the Spanish Fury? What was the Pacification of Ghent? What was the Perpetual Edict?
9)Why did Philip II want the Netherlands?
10)In 1579, what two unions were formed and why?
11)What was said in the Apology?
12)How did Philip II undermine his own ability to re-take the Netherlands in the 1580s?
13)What was the Twelve Years’ Truce? When were the Netherlands recognized as an independent nation?
pp. 362-368 : England and Spain (1553-1603)
Write DEFINITION for the following terms for this section:
PresbyteriansCongregationalists regicide
Write the following ID TERMS for this section:
39 Articles
1)How did Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon) become Queen Mary I of England?
2)What religious impact did Mary have on England during her reign?
3)What were “Marian exiles”?
4)What were Elizabeth’s policies that made her a politique?
5)What was the significance of the 1559 Act of Supremacy? (Review question: In what year was the original Act of Supremacy passed under her father, Henry VIII?)
6)Why did Elizabeth not marry?
7)How did Elizabeth deal with the Puritans?
- In your own words describe the Puritans two special grievances.
- Were the 16th century Puritans separatists?
- What was the Conventicle Act of 1593?
8)What events led to war between England and Spain?
- What was the Treaty of Nonsuch?
9)Who was Mary, Queen of Scots? What does it mean that she was “thoroughly French and Catholic”?
- How did she rule Scotland? Who “watched her like a dog”? Why?
- Why did Elizabeth have Mary executed? Why was Mary reluctant to do so? What was Spain’s immediate reaction to this execution?
10)How did Sir Francis Drake singe “the beard of Spain’s king”? Why/how did the English Navy defeat the Spanish Armada? What was Spain’s overall fate as a result of this naval battle?
pp. 368-376: The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
Write DEFINITION for the following terms for this section:
defenestration
1)What made the Thirty Years’ War so devastating?
2)What was the significance of the peace treaty that ended it? (Think geographically)
3)In the second half of the 16th century how many autonomous political entities existed in “Germany”? What did the Peace of Augsburg give each of them?
4)What characterized Germany as the 17th century opened?
5)Geographically speaking: Why was Germany important? How powerful was the emperor? (Review question: How was the emperor chosen? What document provided for this?)
6)How was Germany divided religiously? Was Calvinism allowed? If so, where? Where did the Jesuits have a stronghold?
7)What two groups/leagues set the stage for the bloodiest of religious wars?
The Bohemian Phase
8)Why did the Bohemian nobility defenestrate HRE Ferdinand II’s regents?
9)What is ironic about John George I of Saxony’s support of Ferdinand and the Catholic League?
10)Who won the Bohemian phase?
The Danish Phase
11)What motive(s) did King Christian IV of Denmark have to become involved in the Thirty Years’ War?
12)Who was Wallenstein?
13)What was the Edict of Restitution, 1629?
The Swedish Phase
14)Who was Gustavus Adolphus? What bankrolled him? Why?
15)What new military tactics did Adolphus introduce to the battlefield?
16)What was significant about the Wallenstein episode?
The Swedish-French Phase
17)What did the French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers do to Germany? By 1644, how many German died as a direct result of the war?
The Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 ← THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT STUFF!!!
18)What were the terms of the Treaty of Westphalia?
19)What was/were its weakness(es)?