May 8, 2012

Dear Student

Thank you for enrolling in Advanced Placement Human Geography. This course is a challenging college-level course that has the potential to earn you not only honors credit, but units that can be applied to college. Due to the nature of the modified block schedule it is imperative that you begin reading and taking notes on the textbook prior to the first day of class. For the reason that this is a college-level textbook and because a significant number of freshmen sign-up for the course I have created questions that need to be answered in complete sentences as opposed to strictly taking notes on the chapter. The notes outline provided account for a significant amount of the work for each chapter but ensures that you have a greater understanding of the content of the chapter. The more complete and detailed your answers are to the questions, the better your understanding. Although you will be graded on your notes, remember that the notes are for your benefit.

The first thing you will need to do is check out the textbook from the library, The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography (9th edition) by James M. Rubenstein. Notes will be due on the first day of school, no matter what term you are enrolled in the class to Ms. Black.ALL NOTES MUST BE HANDWRITTEN. Although there will be no penalty for not turning in your notes, you will begin the course behind the rest of the students and it will be a struggle for you to keep up with the work. The pace is one chapter per week and beginning the term three chapters behind will increase your workload during the term. If you have any questions or concerns, feel free to contact me at .

Sincerely,

Dawniell K Black

Dawniell Black

Social Science

Franklin High School

Advanced Placement Human Geography

Note-Taking

In order to be successful in Advanced Placement Human Geography and to improve your chances of passing the National Exam it is imperative that you engage and interact with the textbook. The most meaningful way to glean as much information as possible from the textbook is to take notes. Notes for this course are required. The notes will include key terms and the completion of key issues. You are encouraged to stay one chapter ahead, so that you are prepared to discuss the information in the chapter during class, as well as ask any questions you may have related to the chapter. All notes must be hand written. Answer the questions as completely as possible. There may be some repetition in the questions and definitions.

Your notes should be set-up in the following way:

Full Name (in the Upper Right Hand Corner)

(Heading) Chapter 1: Thinking Geographically

(Heading) Key Terms (define or identify the significance of each key term)

(Heading) Key Issue #1

Write the number that you are answering – answer in complete sentences.

(Continue to the next Key Issue)

Chapter 1: Thinking Geographically (pg. 2-41)

Define and or identify the following key terms (35 points)

Absolute locationLatitudeCartographyLongitudeContagious Diffusion

Mercator projectionCultural EcologyPossibilismDensityPrime Meridian

DiffusionInternational datelineDistance-DecayRelative LocationDistribution

Relocation DiffusionRemote SensingEquatorRobinson ProjectionExpansion diffusion

ScaleFormal regionSiteFunctional RegionSituation

Geographic ironyStimulus DiffusionGISToponymHierarchical Diffusion

Vernacular RegionHearthprojection Environmental determinism

Key Issue #1 (30 points)

  1. Define map.
  2. Give two examples of early mapmaking and its (unusual?) materials for the maps.
  3. Who first demonstrated that he earth was round? How?
  4. Who was the first to use the term “geography”?
  5. List three of his contributions in geography at that time.
  6. Provide an example of developments in geography for each of the following: Chinese, Muslims and Age of Discovery (16th century).
  7. What is the advantage of a map which shows only a small portion of the earth’s surface – like a neighborhood – that is, a large-scale map?
  8. What advantage does a map which shows the entire globe, a small-scale map, have?
  9. When geographers convert the round earth to a flat map, they use a projection. All projections have some distortion. List the four things that typically become distorted in various projections.
  10. List at least two advantages and two disadvantages of the Mercator map and at least two advantages and two disadvantages of the Robinson map.
  11. With regard to the Land Ordinance of 1785, which became the official survey system for the United States, define the following: township; sections.
  12. Geographers use a GIS to store layers of data. Give three examples of types of data stored in a single layer.
  13. Remotely sensed images consist of pixels. What is the smallest area on the surface of the earth that can be scanned as a single pixel?
  14. List at least three things that geographers can be mapped using remotely sensed data.
  15. Recreate and complete the following chart

GPS
Elements/Components / Uses/Implementation

Key Issue #2 (34 points)

  1. Identify four ways in which places can receive names.
  2. Identify three reasons for which places sometimes change their names.
  3. List at least three site characteristics.
  4. Rewrite and complete the following sentence – Humans can ___ the characteristics of a site.
  5. What role do familiar places have in understanding the situation of unfamiliar places?
  6. What place is designated as 0 degrees longitude?
  7. What is the name for the line drawn at 0 degrees latitude?
  8. Rewrite and complete the following sentence – A region is an ____ of _____ defined by one or more ____.
  9. One contemporary (current) approach to studying the cultural landscape is called the regional studies approach. What do geographers who adopt this view believe regarding regions?
  10. Geographers using the regional studies approach argue that the distinctive landscapes of different regions result from what two things?
  11. Recreate and complete the following chart

Formal Region / Functional Region / Vernacular Region
Also called
Definition
Example
  1. How does a geographer conclude that two or more phenomena are “spatially associated”, that is, that they bear some sort of cause and effect relationship?
  2. Prepare a bullet chart about the word CULTURE.
  3. How many major types of climates do geographers identify?
  4. In what major way does climate influence human activities? (Give an example).
  5. List the four major biomes, or major plant communities, found naturally on earth.
  6. What are the two major problems with which geographers are concerned as far as soil is concerned?

Key Issue #3 (34 points)

  1. Define globalization.
  2. How has modern technology played a role in globalization?
  3. In what ways is globalization of culture manifest in the landscape?
  4. In what ways has the communications revolution played a role in globalization?
  5. Make three bulleted statements about reactions against globalism and globalization.
  6. Rewrite and complete the following sentence – The ___ of a feature in ___ is known as its distribution.
  7. Define arithmetic density and physiological density.
  8. The way in which a feature is spread over space is known as concentration. What are the opposite ends of the spectrum of concentration?
  9. Recreate the boxes below and draw 10 dots in each so that the density is the same in each, but illustrate and label the two different kinds of concentration.
  1. List the three different types of pattern given in the text.
  2. What role does gender play in geography? (What is the geography of gender?)
  3. In what way do ethnicity and sexual orientation play a role in geography?
  4. What is the space-time compression?
  5. In the past, most interaction between places required what? How has that changed?
  6. Give some examples of things that retard interaction among groups.
  7. Describe the phenomenon known as distance decay.
  8. Recreate and complete the chart below. Diffusion is defined as the process by which a characteristic spreads across space. With regard to diffusion, define and, where possible, give an example of each of the following.

Diffusion
Hearth
Relocation Diffusion
Hierarchical Diffusion
Contagious Diffusion
Stimulus Diffusion

Chapter 2: Population Geography

Define and or identify the following key terms (25 points)

Age Cohort Industrial RevolutionAgricultural DensityInfant mortality rate (IMR)

Agricultural RevolutionLife expectancyAnti-Natalist( and pro- natalist)Medical Revolution

Arithmetic density Natural increase rate CensusOverpopulation

ContraceptionPhysiological DensityCrude Death Rate (CDR)Population Agglomeration

Demographic TransitionReplacement FertilityDemographySex Ratio

Doubling Time Total Fertility RateEcumene (and non-ecumene)Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Key Issue #1 (5 points)

  1. What does non-ecumene mean?
  2. Recreate and complete the following table. List the four land areas which are sparsely populated on earth in the table below. For each region, briefly explain the reason which makes it inhospitable for human habitation.

Sparsely Populated Land / Reason for inhospitality

Key Issue #2 (14 points)

  1. What is the NIR (Natural Increase Rate) today?
  2. When did global NIR peak and what was it?
  3. About how many people are being added to the world’s population each year?
  4. In what regions is most growth occurring?
  5. What is the global average TFR (Total Fertility Rate)?
  6. Identify and list the rates and locations of the global highs and lows in TFR.
  7. How are infant mortality rates and life expectancy distributed globally in terms of the developed and developing worlds?

Key Issue #3 (30 points)

  1. Rewrite and complete the following sentence: The demographic transition is a ___ with several ___ and every ____ is in one of them.
  2. Recreate and fill in the chart below with characteristics describing each stage in the demographic transition model (CBR, CDR, NIR, etc). Characterize the amount of growth of each state (high, low, stable, etc.).

Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1 / Stage 2 / Stage 3 / Stage 4
  1. Read about how England passed through the various stages of the demographic transition model on pgs. 60-61. Describe a historical event for stages 1 and 2 and a cultural attitude for stage 4.

Stage 1 / Stage 2 / Demographic Transition Model in England / Stage 4
  1. The shape of a pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate?
  2. What is the dependency ratio?
  3. What age groups are categorized as “dependent”?
  4. What does the “graying” of a population refer to?
  5. What is the sex ratio?
  6. What types of countries/regions are likely to have more males than females?
  7. Recreate the table below, which represents the four stages of demographic transition, identify a characteristic country which is in that stage and briefly describe how it “got there” as described in the text.

Stages of Demographic Transition: Example Countries
Stage 1 / Stage 2 / Stage 3 / Stage 4
  1. How many countries are in Stage 1 of the demographic transition model?
  2. How many countries are in Stage 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model?
  3. How many countries are in Stage 4 of the demographic transition model?
  4. Identify the two big breaks in the demographic transition model and their causes.
  5. In what sense can we say that the first break came to different world regions for different reasons and in different ways

a)it came to Europe and North America

b)it came to Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Key Issue #4 (16 points)

  1. Recreate and complete the table below to describe the views and theories of various population theorists.

Thomas Malthus / Neo-Malthus / Critics of Malthus
  1. In what way was Malthus correct?
  2. In what way was Malthus mistaken?
  3. What are the only two ways to bring birth rates down?
  4. What two strategies have proven successful to lower birth rates?
  5. Identify at least three important facts regarding the distribution of contraceptives.
  6. What is epidemiologic transition?
  7. Recreate and complete the table below with notes on the stage of epidemiologic transition.

Epidemiologic Transition
Stages 1 and 2 / Stages 3 and 4 / Possible Stage 5

Chapter 3: Migration

Define and or identify the following key terms (25 points)

Activity Space Migration TransitionBrain DrainMigration Stream

Chain Migration (migration ladder)Migration selectivityCirculationMobility

Distance Decay Function Net MigrationEmigration/Immigration

Forced/Voluntary Migration Push-pull factorRefugeeGravity Model Space-Time Prism

Guest WorkerMigrationIntervening ObstacleInternal Migration/International Urbanization/Suburbanization/Counter-Urbanization

Key Issue #1 (16 points)

  1. What are push factors and pull factors?
  2. Re-create and complete the table below with specific examples of push and pull factors.

Push Factors / Pull Factors
Economic
Cultural
Environmental
  1. Briefly describe the role of each of the following in examining intervening obstacles and migration: physical geography, transportation and political concerns/laws.
  2. Migration may be classified as either international or internal. What is the difference?
  3. What types of push factors are usually responsible for each of the following categories of international migration a) voluntary migration b) forced migration (refugees)?
  4. Briefly state what one would expect to occur, in terms of migration, in each state of the demographic transition model, as it is applied to a migration transition, by recreating and completing the chart below.

Migration Transition
As applied to the Demographic Transition Model
STAGE 1 / STAGE 2 / STAGE 3
  1. Re-create and complete the following table from the reading.

Characteristics of Migrants
Who? / Where/Distance? / Why?
Gender / In the past…
Present trends…
Family Status / In the past and still today…
Recent changes…
  1. Answer the following questions regarding migrants from Mexico who move to the United States.

a)In what ways does migration from Mexico to the US support each of the following geographic models – migration transition model and distance decay function.

b)In what ways does migration from Mexico to the US benefit – the Mexican migrants? Americans?

c)How does seasonality make this phenomenon as much a concept of human mobility rather than permanent migration?

Key Issue #2 (28 points)

  1. Read the section Where are Migrants Distributed? and then make 5 summary statements regarding global migration patterns.
  2. Re-write and complete the following statement: The world’s third most populous country (the US) is inhabited overwhelmingly by…
  3. During the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, how many Asians immigrated to the US?
  4. How many Asians immigrated to the US during the last quarter of the 20th century?
  5. What were the four countries which sent the most immigrants from Asia in recent years?
  6. Describe three ways in which immigration to Canada is different than immigration to the US in terms of the following ethnicities: Asians, Europeans, and Latin Americans.
  7. In what years did immigration from Latin America explode and peak?
  8. What three Latin American countries have sent the most immigrants to the US in the last 25 years?
  9. In what stage of the demographic transition model are most countries that send immigrants?
  10. Although the reasons people leave their countries to immigrate to the US have not changed over time, what has changed in here in the US?
  11. Recreate and complete the table regarding European immigration below:

European Immigration
What were some of the causes of European immigration to the United States? / What were some of the important effects of European immigration to the US and other world regions?
  1. What are undocumented immigrants?
  2. Where do most undocumented immigrants to the US come from?
  3. How did the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act attempt to change the status of some illegal immigrants, that is, which did it try to help and how?

Key Issue #3 (10 points)

  1. What did the Quota Act (1921) and the National Origins Act (1924) do? How did they favor immigration the above acts favor immigration from certain regions?
  2. How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change the existing quota laws?
  3. How was immigration law further changed in 1978?
  4. US immigration law gives preferences to three groups. Identify them.
  5. Re-create and complete the VENN Diagram

US Attitudes Toward ImmigrantsEuropean Attitudes Toward Guest Workers

Key Issue #4 (20 points)

  1. What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional migration in the US?
  2. What is the population center?
  3. What was the first “intervening obstacle” which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent?
  4. What development in transportation eventually encouraged settlement in the Mississippi?
  5. Why was the settlement of the Great Plains slow to come, with settlers passing it by for the West Coast?
  6. How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?
  7. For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years?
  8. How is the migration pattern for African-Americans different than that of whites?
  9. Re-create and make appropriate notes in the tables below on five specific examples/case studies of interregional immigration in Russia, Brazil, Indonesia, Europe and India.

Country
Where? / Why?
How?
  1. Recreate the chart below and define/describe each of the following terms and summarize in a single, important fact about its occurrence in the United States.

Urbanization / Suburbanization / Counter urbanization
Definition
Significant fact in the US