ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Palynological studies of melliferous and allergenic flora of Pakistan: A key to pollen and spore identification

Mehwish Jamil Noora,b*, Mushtaq Ahmadb, Muhammad Zafarb and Muhammad Aqeel Ashrafc

aDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

bDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

cDepartment of Geology, University Putra Malaysia, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia.

Online supplementary material.

Table S1. Taxonomic description of allergenic and melliferous pollen

1. Family / Acanthaceae
Genus / Justicia
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Monad, Symmetrical, heterocolpate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Prolate to subprolate
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 37.7 µm ±3.5
Equatorial View / 28 µm ±2.82
P/E / 1.34
Aperture / Polar View / 2
Equatorial View / 3
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 1.5-2.5(2±0.70)
Sculpturing / Sexine reticulate. Colpi lophate. Margocolpi present. Colpi is heterogenous. Pori in middle of the trema area which is studded with circular ‘insulae’ (areolae).
2. Family / Acanthaceae Type
Genus / Indent
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Monad, Symmetrical, Colporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Prolate
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 37.7 µm ±3.53
Equatorial View / NA
P/E
Aperture / Polar View / 6
Equatorial View / NA
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2
Sculpturing / Sexine reticulate. Margocolpi present. Colpus lolongate. Colpi membrane is granulated. Pori in middle of the trema area which is studded with circular ‘insulae’ (areolae).
3. Family / Acanthaceae Type
Genus / Indent
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Monad, Symmetrical, Colporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Prolate
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 16.8 µm ±4.24
Equatorial View / NA
Aperture / Polar View / 2
Equatorial View
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2
Sculpturing / Sexine reticulate. Margocolpi present. Colpus lolongate.
4. Family / Apocynaceae
Genus / Carissa
Species / Opaca
Location / Islamabad
Pollen Type / Monad, Symmetrical, Colporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 28.5 µm ±0
Equatorial View / 28.5 µm ±0
P/E / 1
Aperture / Polar View / 3
Equatorial View / 1
Exine µm (X±S.D) / <2.5µm
Sculpturing / Perforate, Colpi extend till middle. Pori protruding out of sexine and without perforation. Pori less than 1 µm.
3. Family / Chenopodiaceae
Genus / Chenopodium Type
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Pariporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 21.8µm±1.75
Equatorial View / 19.8 µm±4.07
P/E / 1.10
Aperture / Polar View / Numerous
Equatorial View / Numerous
Exine µm (X±S.D) / <2.5µm
Sculpturing / Tectum punctate. meso poria flat with numerous, evenly spread micro spinules. Ektexinous bodies >15, more than 2.5 µm in diameter. distinctly separated from each other, deeper seated and sharply set off against the tectum.
Family / Amaranthaceae
Genus / Amaranthus
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Amaranthus Type (Periporate Pollen)
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal/
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 16.5±1.5µm
Equatorial View / 16.5±1.5µm
P/E / 1
Aperture / Polar View / Numerous regularly spaced.
Equatorial View / Numerous regularly spaced.
Exine µm (X±S.D) / >2.5 µm
Sculpturing / Tectate, Pore membrane spinulate or granulate (microspines), Mesoporia flat with spinules, evenly spread spheriodal, Ektexinoous body deeper seated, microspinulated and sharply set off against the tectum. Mesoporium present. In light microscope pollen exine appear smooth.
Family / Caryophyllaceae
Genus / Indent
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Periporate Pollen
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 28µm
Equatorial View / 28µm
P/E / 1
Aperture / Polar View / Numerous, spread regularly
Equatorial View / Numerous, spread regularly
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2-2.5µm
Sculpturing / Tectate. Meso poria flat with spinules and pori. Ektexinous bodies >14 with "stellate pore ornamentation" deeply seated in sexine. Distinctly separated from each other, evenly spread spheriodal, pores nanomicron in diameter.
Family / Plantaginaceae Type
Genus / Plantago
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Pariporate Pollen
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 19 µm
Equatorial View / 21.50µm
P/E / 0.90
Aperture / Polar View / Numerous regularly spaced,
Equatorial View / Numerous regularly spaced,
Exine µm (X±S.D) / <2.5µm
Sculpturing / Tectum tectate, Pantoporate, evenly distributed spines, sexine Spinulate. Meso poria unduate with spinules. Ektexinous bodies deeply seated in sexine, bordered by ring like structure separated by narrow groove. Each ektexine body is toothed.
Family / Amaranthaceae Type
Genus / Arthernera
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Pariporate Pollen
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 17.33µm
Equatorial View / 17.25 µm
P/E / 1
Aperture / Polar View / Numerous regularly spaced
Equatorial View / Numerous regularly spaced
Exine µm (X±S.D) / <2.5µm
Sculpturing / Tectum spinulated, Ektexinous bodies are more than 14. Arthernea type pollen
Family / Caryophyllaceae Type
Genus / Indent
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Pariporate Pollen
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 17.33µm
Equatorial View / 25.5µm
P/E / 0.88
Aperture / Polar View / Numerous regularly spaced
Equatorial View / Numerous regularly spaced
Exine µm (X±S.D) / <2.5µm
Sculpturing / Tectum tectate and punctate, sexine Spinulate. Meso poria flat. Ektexinous bodies are more than 7 stellate shaped.Pore membrane psilate.
Family / Apiaceae
Genus / Coriandrum
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Prolate.
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Hexacolporate
Equatorial View
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 30.4±1.4µm
Equatorial View / 12.75±0.16µm
P/E / 2.36
Aperture / Polar View / 2
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 1.5-1.7 (1.6±0.14) µm
Sculpturing / Striate-reticulate sculpturing. Striation run between 3-7 µm arranged in crisscross pattern. Colpi protruding out.
Family / Apiaceae
Genus / Apiaceae
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Prolate.
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Hexacolporate
Equatorial View
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 20µm
Equatorial View / NA
P/E
Aperture / Polar View / 6
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 3µm
Sculpturing / Striate-reticulate sculpturing.
Family / Liliaceae
Genus / Iris
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Prolate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Prolate
Equatorial View / NA.
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 90µm
Equatorial View
P/E / -
Aperture / Polar View / 2
Equatorial View
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.5 µm
Sculpturing / Reticulate.
Family / Asteraceae (Plate 12)
Genus / Artemesia
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Prolate-spheriodal
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Tricolpate
Equatorial View / Prolate Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 22.3±2.05µm
Equatorial View / 20.6±2.68µm
P/E / 1.08
Aperture / Polar View / 3
Equatorial View / 2-1
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.7-3.8-7µm (3µm)
Sculpturing / Sexine microechinate and granulate.
Family / Asteraceae
Genus / Taraxicum
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Fenestrate/Echinolophate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Fenestrate
Equatorial View / Oval
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 28.6±0.99
Equatorial View / 31±0.8
P/E / 0.922
Aperture / Polar View / Hexacolporate
Equatorial View / Hexacolporate
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 5 µm (Echine width =1.03-1.47µm and length = 2.01-2.47 µm
Sculpturing / Pollen is lophate having echines on outer ridges. Lophae are perforated with numerous pores. Lacunae also appear slightly perforated. Spines are conical, sharp broad based with joined basis connected to each other.
Family / Asteraceae
Genus / Silibum
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Echinate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Tricolporate/Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 50µm±0
Equatorial View / 45µm±0
P/E / 1.1
Aperture / Polar View / Three
Equatorial View / 1
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 5µm
Sculpturing / Echinate
Family / Asteraceae
Genus / Calendula
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Echinate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Tricolporate/Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 37.5 µm ±3.53
Equatorial View / 34.5 µm ±0.5
P/E / 1.08
Aperture / Polar View / Three
Equatorial View / ------
Exine µm (X±S.D) / Exine upto 7.5 µm
Sculpturing / Sexine micro perforated.
Family / Asteraceae
Genus / Parthenium
Species / sp.
Pollen Type / Echinate, Tricolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 17.1 µm ±0.23
Equatorial View / 17 µm ±0.00
P/E / 1
Aperture / Polar View / 3
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 1.87±0.77
Sculpturing / Echinate. Echines with conical base perforated at bottom.
Family / Asteraceae
Genus / Tricholepis
Species / sp.
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 2.87
Equatorial View / NA
P/E / 0
Aperture / Polar View
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D)
Sculpturing / Tectum Striato-rugulate
Family / Myrtaceae
Genus / Indent
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Tricolporate. Syncolpate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Angular
Equatorial View / Prolate
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 17.5µm
Equatorial View / 17.5 µm
P/E / 1
Aperture / Polar View / 3
Equatorial View / 1
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.1
Sculpturing / Exine is tectae. Colpi Syncolpate. This ornamentation continues throughout meso and apocolpium. Amb is straight
Family / Myrtaceae Type
Genus / Indent
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Tricolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Angular
Equatorial View / Prolate
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 21µm±0
Equatorial View / 20 µm±0
P/E / 1
Aperture / Polar View / 3
Equatorial View / 1
Exine µm (X±S.D) / <2.5 µm
Sculpturing / Exine Tectate. Rugulate, syndemicolpate. Distinct colpi failed to reach endopore. Amb is concave.
Family
Genus / Eucalyptus
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Tricolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Angular
Equatorial View / NA
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 22.5µm
Equatorial View / NA
P/E
Aperture / Polar View / 3
Equatorial View / NA
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.5
Sculpturing / Exine tectate rugulate. Margo Thickened around edges however in the center colpi and margo are merged. Amb straight.
Family / Myrtaceae
Genus / Eucalyptus
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Tricolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Angular
Equatorial View / NA
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 14.5µm
Equatorial View / NA
P/E
Aperture / Polar View / 3
Equatorial View / NA
Exine µm (X±S.D) / NA
Sculpturing / Exine Tectate. Scabrate/ verrucate. Margo thick at edges. Apocolpial island present. and closely fitting.
Family / Pinaceae
Genus / Pinus
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Bisaccate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / bisaccate
Equatorial View
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 43µ±0
Equatorial View / 50 µ±0
P/E / 0.86
Aperture / Polar View / 0
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D)
Sculpturing / Bisaccate pollen with alveolate structure with granular exine. Cappa is rugulate. Laptoma and sacci are also rugulate.
Family / Rutaceae
Genus / Citrus
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Tetracolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Oblate Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 23.49±2.12
Equatorial View / 24.4±4.12
P/E / 1.1
Aperture / Polar View / 4
Equatorial View / 0,1,2
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.9
Sculpturing / Pollen exine is macroreticulate Margo thickened around edges. Exine section in colpi is scabrate.
Family / Fabaceae
Genus / Indent
Species / Indent
Location / Chakwal
Pollen Type / Tricolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Subprolate
Equatorial View / Prolate
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 24µm
Equatorial View / 24 µm
P/E / 1
Aperture / Polar View / 3,2
Equatorial View / 1
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2-1.5
Sculpturing / Perforate grain. isopolar, spheriodal. Colpi joining in middle to give false syncolpate appearance.
Family / Fabaceae
Genus / Rubinia
Species / Pseudoacacia
Pollen Type / Tricolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Tricolporate
Equatorial View / --
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 22µm
Equatorial View
P/E / -
Aperture / Polar View / 3
Equatorial View / -
Exine µm (X±S.D) / <2.5µm
Sculpturing / Tectum perforate. Colpi V shape but not very prominent. Exine perforation is not extended to middle and appear rough.
Family / Fabaceae
Genus / Trifolium
Species / repense
Pollen Type / Tricolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Subprolate
Equatorial View / Prolate
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 26.2±5.3
Equatorial View / 31.5±13.8
P/E / 0.83
Aperture / Polar View / 3,2
Equatorial View / 1
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2-1.5
Sculpturing / Reticulate-scabrate,
Family / Brassicaceae
Genus / Brassica
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Tricolpate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Angular
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 24-27-28=26.33±2.08
Equatorial View / 18-20-23(20.33±2.51)
P/E / 1.29
Aperture / Polar View / 3,2
Equatorial View / 2,1
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 4µm
Sculpturing / Ornamentation is reticulate with more or less regular pattern of muri. Apertures Colpate long sunken with acute ends, the colpi area is granulate.
Family / Oleaceae
Genus / Olea
Species / Sp.
Location / Gilgit
Pollen Type / Tricolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Tricolporate
Equatorial View / Prolate
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 41µm
Equatorial View / -
P/E
Aperture / Polar View / Three
Equatorial View / O
Exine µm (X±S.D) / >2.5µm
Sculpturing / Tectum scabrate
Family / Malvaceae
Genus / Abutilon.
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Periporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / -
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 60µm
Equatorial View / -
P/E / -
Aperture / Polar View / Periporate
Equatorial View
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 6.45µm
Sculpturing / Spines with broader swollen bases also perforated. Spines regularly arranged.
Family / Leguminosae
Genus / Delbergia
Species / Sisso
Pollen Type / Tricolporate spheriodal
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Rounded trilobed, elongated
Equatorial View / Elliptic, Cup shaped
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 47 µm
Equatorial View / 52.7µm
P/E / 1.12 µm
Aperture / Polar View / 3
Equatorial View / 2,1
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 3µm (2-4µm)
Sculpturing / Perforate. Colpi depth ranges from 8 to 10 µm with pori having perforate sculpturing.
Family / Lamiaceae
Genus / Hissopus genus
Species / sp.
Pollen Type / Hexacolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Oblate
Equatorial View
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 23.1
Equatorial View / NA
P/E
Aperture / Polar View / 6
Equatorial View / NA
Exine µm (X±S.D)
Sculpturing / Bireticulate and reticulate.
Family / Meliaceae Type
Genus / Melia
Species / sp.
Pollen Type / Monad, Isopolar, Tetracolporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / -
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 33.7µm
Equatorial View / -
P/E / -
Aperture / Polar View / 4
Equatorial View / -
Exine µm (X±S.D) / -
Sculpturing / Exine is perforated with elements of different sizes. sometime termed as foveolate.
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Poa type
Species
Pollen Type / Ulcerate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 36.9 µm
Equatorial View / 29.1 µm ±6.4
P/E
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 5
Sculpturing / Brevi cerebro-ornate exine. Exine around the whole pollen is also undulate.
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Cymbopogan
Species / Sp.
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spherioddal
Equatorial View / -
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 26µm±1.4
Equatorial View / -
P/E / -
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.5µm
Sculpturing / Areolate. Exine undulate and reticulate under LM
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Hordeum
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Hordeum type (Type 1)
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 86±8.8µm
Equatorial View / 80±7.07µm
P/E / 0.94
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D) / <5µm
Sculpturing / Echinulate. Spinules are single, detached and not grouped into insulae.
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Setaria
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Ulcerate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal-oblate
Equatorial View / -
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 30
Equatorial View / -
P/E / -
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D) / <2.5
Sculpturing / Exine brevi-ornate exine undulate, insulae are separated by narrow grooves, on annulus the exine insulae are aggregates.
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Poa sp.
Pollen Type / Annulate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 37.1µm±8.4
Equatorial View / 38 µm±0
P/E / 0.94
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View
Exine µm (X±S.D)
Sculpturing / Irregular-spheriodal to polygonal insulae studded with few minute spinules. Exine undulate appear as band in SEM and reticulate under LM, exine 2.5 µm
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Poa sp.
Pollen Type / Monoporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 19.4µm
Equatorial View / 18.4
P/E / 1.05
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D)
Sculpturing / Minute spinules detached, not grouped, sharp pointed head and closely placed, size around 1µm, surface undulated and granulated under LM appear as reticulum.
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Phleum
Species / pretense
Pollen Type / Monoporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / -
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 27.5µm
Equatorial View / 0
P/E / -
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D)
Sculpturing / Reticulate sculpturing under LM
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Cynodon
Species / Dactylon
Pollen Type / Monoportae
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 32µm±0
Equatorial View / 30µm±0
P/E
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.5 µm±0
Sculpturing / Irregular-spheriodal to polygonal insulae and reticulate under LM, grain 32 µm, exine 2.5 µm
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Sorghum
Species / helipense
Pollen Type / Monoporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View
Equatorial View
P/E
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D) / Less than 2.5 µm
Sculpturing / Irregular-spheriodal to polygonal insulae studies with number of spinules,
Family / Poaceae
Genus / Pennisetum
Species / typhoides
Pollen Type / Monoporate
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 33.5µm±2.15
Equatorial View / 35 µm±0
P/E / 0.94
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D) / -
Sculpturing / Spinules detached, single and not grouped, spinules large closely placed near each other. less than 1µm.
Family / Leguminosae
Genus / Prosopis sp.
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / 12-16 celled polyad
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spherical, single cells in polyad are square to rectangular.
Equatorial View / Spherical to prolate, single cells in polyad are square to rectangular.
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 34.8µm±3.95
Equatorial View / 40.75µm±2.75
P/E / 0.85
Aperture / Polar View / Non aperturate
Equatorial View / Non aperturate
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.5 µm
Sculpturing / psilate
Family / Leguminosae
Genus / Acacia type
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / More than 30 celled polyad
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spheriodal
Equatorial View / Spheriodal
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 44µm±0
Equatorial View / 42 µm±0
P/E / 1.04
Aperture / Polar View / 0
Equatorial View / 0
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.5µm
Sculpturing / foveolate

Bignoniaceae

Family / Bignoniaceae
Genus / Catalpa
Species / Sp.
Pollen Type / Polyad
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Spherical
Equatorial View / Spherical
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 40µm±0
Equatorial View / 42µm±0
P/E / 0.95 µm
Aperture / Polar View / Non aperturate
Equatorial View / Non aperturate
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 0
Sculpturing / Ornate
Family / Betulaceae
Genus / Alnus
Species / Indent
Pollen Type / Tetracolporate-pentacolporate.
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Tetra-pentacolporate
Equatorial View / Tetra-pentacolporate
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 19.25µm±1.06
Equatorial View / 22.6±0.32
P/E / NA
Aperture / Polar View / 4-5
Equatorial View / NA
Exine µm (X±S.D)
Sculpturing / Tectate exine with scabrate sculpturing ornamented with irregular, short, regulate ridges.
Family / Cyperaceae
Genus / Cypress
Species / Rotundas
Location / Sahiwal and Sargodha
Pollen Type / Monad, bilaterally symmetrical & isopolar.
Pollen Morphology
Magnification on Light Microscope (LM) at 100X
Shape / Polar View / Prolate
Equatorial View
Size µm (X±S.D) / Polar View / 27.8µm±2.8
Equatorial View / 35.1 µm±3.42
P/E / 0.82
Aperture / Polar View / 1
Equatorial View / 3
Exine µm (X±S.D) / 2.41µm
Sculpturing / Areolate

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