CP BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW 2015
CHAPTER 1 – The Science of biology
Terms to know: Excretion, Nutrition, Transport, Homeostasis, Control, Variable, Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Hypothesis, Theory
1. What are the characteristics that all living things have in common? Know the life processes.
2. What is a controlled experiment? Independent and dependent variables?
CHAPTER 2 – The Chemistry of Life
Terms to know: hydrogen bond, hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis, cohesion and adhesion, monomer, polymer
3. Know why carbon allows for diversity in molecule shape
4. Know the four macromolecules: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
a) the elements that make up each type of macromolecule
b) ratio of hydrogen-to-oxygen in carbs (2:1)
c) the monomer and some polymers for each macromolecule
d) the function of each type of macromolecule
e) examples each type of macromolecules
5. Why is water a “polar” molecule? How does water form hydrogen bonds? Describe some properties of water.
6. What is an enzyme? Why are they important in living things? How do they work? What factors affect the rate of enzyme action?
CHAPTER 7 – Cell Structure and Function
Terms to know: Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic
7. What is the cell theory? Why are all cells small (SA/V ratio)?
8. Know the parts of the cell, their functions, and what type of cell they are found in (animal, plant, prokaryotic). What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
9. What is the organization of cells in multicellular organisms? (cells à tissues . . . )
10. Which molecules make up the cell membrane? (phospholipid bilayer and what else?) Why is it called a fluid mosaic? What does it mean to be selectively permeable?
11. Be able to explain how materials move across the cell membrane. What is the difference between osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and passive transport? When are membrane proteins and cell energy involved?
12. What is a concentration gradient? What makes a solution hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and what happens to cells in these solutions?
CHAPTER 8 – Photosynthesis
Terms to know: heterotroph, autotroph, pigments, thylakoids, stroma
13. Know the function and structure of ATP. How does ATP provide energy in a cell?
14. Name the major plant pigments and the colors they appear to us.
15. Know the reactants and products for photosynthesis. Know the two main stages of photosynthesis and what takes place in the different parts of a chloroplast.
16. Know the structure of the leaf. Be able to label the parts of a leaf. Know the functions of each part of the leaf.
CHAPTER 9 – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Terms to know: aerobic, anaerobic, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, matrix, electron transport chain, fermentation.
17. Know the differences between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Where, in the cell, and in the mitochondrion, does each stage of respiration take place? Know the general equation, and what forms in each stage.
18. Know the organisms that can perform fermentation. What happens when muscles do this?
19. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interrelated?
CHAPTER 10 – Cell Growth and Division
Terms to know: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, chromosomes, chromatin, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, chromatid, centrioles, cell plate, homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid, crossing-over, zygote, sister chromatids
20. Know the phases of the Cell Cycle. What happens inside a cell when it divides in two? When does DNA replicate?
21. Know the different purposes of mitosis and meiosis. Be able to recognize a diagram of each stage.
22. How does meiosis reduce the chromosome number and why is this important for sexual reproduction? What are gametes?
23. How do cancer cells differ from other cells?
CHAPTER 11 – Introduction to Genetics
Terms to know: genetics, fertilization, trait, hybrids, genes, alleles, test cross, segregation, gametes, probability, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, Punnett square,
24. Who is the father of genetics? Which organism did he use for his studies and why? Know his three laws of inheritance.
25. Know dominant/recessive traits, incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles, sex-linkage.
26. Be able to do genetic crosses of all types: monohybrids, incomplete dominance, codominance, ABO blood types, and sex-linked. Use phenotype and genotype ratios.
CHAPTER 14 – Human Heredity
Terms to know: karyotype, sex chromosomes, autosomes, sex-linked genes, nondisjunction, pedigree,
31. Be able to identify gender and find an abnormality on a karyotype.
32. Be able to look at a pedigree and determine inheritance pattern and the genotypes and phenotypes of the family members.
33. What is nondisjunction, trisomy? (Down Syndrome is trisomy #21)
34. Understand X-linked traits. Why is it more likely for a boy to have an x-linked disorder than a girl?
35. Know some genetic disorders: Down Syndrome, hemophilia, colorblindness, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Huntingtons.
CHAPTER 12 and 13 – DNA and RNA
Terms to know: nucleotide, base pairing, replication, deoxyribose, ribose,
36. Describe the shape of DNA. Know the bases which pair together.
37. What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
Evolution
Terms to Know: adaptation, homologous and analogous structures, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, coevolution, shared ancestry, genetic equilibrium
38. Know the major points of Darwin’s theory of natural selection
39. What did Darwin mean by “descent with modification”?
40. What kinds of evidence are used to determine ancestry?
41. How do new species arise? What role does environment play?
42. How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation in a species?
43. How are genes involved in evolution?
Ecology
Terms to Know: population, community, biotic and abiotic factors, habitat, niche, limiting factors, carrying capacity, symbiosis, food chain, food web, nutrient cycles, trophic levels, ecological succession
44. What are levels of organization in the biosphere? Which include both biotic and abiotic?
45. What is an energy pyramid and why must producers be the most abundant?
46. How does energy travel through an ecosystem? How much reaches the top consumers? Is energy recycled?
47. Why are decomposers important?
48. What materials cycle in the environment?
49. How can different species occupy the same habitat?
50. Know the types of symbiosis, conditions that will increase competition, limits on population growth.