Tectonics Pecosystems Pmigration Hdevelopment H

Chapter 1Answers

Section A: What is geography?

Geography is often divided into two main types – physical geography and human geography. Study the list below. Put P next to physical geography topics and Hnext to human geography topics.
(12 x ½ mark each)

tectonics Pecosystems Pmigration Hdevelopment H

industry Hclimate Psettlement Hinequalities H

globalisation Hrivers Plandscapes Peconomics H

Study the photograph below. It shows coastal and volcanic features. Add your own labels to help describe at least four different natural features. (4 x 1 mark) (1 for each correct label). Accept other correctly located features or alternative locations.

Different biomes and ecosystems are made up of characteristic types of living and non-living parts. Name these (4 x non-living and 2 x living).(6 x ½ mark each)

Non-living: reliefgeologysoilsclimate

Living: plants (flora)animals (fauna)

Describe and explain three human activities which can damage either a forest or coral reef.
(3 + 3 marks each). Various answers may include:

Forest: mining; deforestation; slash and burn; farming; road building: plus appropriate explanations.

Coral reef: fishing (especially using dynamite); shipping (anchoring etc.); climate change caused by human activity altering water quality or temperatures; tourists/divers: plus appropriate explanations.

Fill in the spaces with the correct missing words.(5 x 1 mark)

(i)The movement of people from place to place is called migration.

(ii)Countries are at different stages of developmentThis is measured by a series of

indicatorswhich are added together to produce a Human development Index / HDIscore.

(iii)The world’s population is not evenly distributed.

Study the photograph below.

(a)Describe what is happening in the photo. (2 marks)

A woman is working by hand in a field of crops – probably subsistence farming in part of Africa.

(b)Is this likely to be in a Less Developed Country (LDC)or More Developed Country (MDC)?
(1 mark)

LDC

(c)Explain your answer (3 marks)

•Thewoman is working by hand (manual labour) not using machinery or modern equipment

•The area being farmed looks quite small

•The crop looks like vegetables – market gardening for home use

(d)Why is this type of activity (industry) so important? (2 marks)

In LDCs, many people grow the food they need for themselves and their families to survive, and to sell any surplus for cash.

(a)What is meant by tertiary industry? (2 marks)

Industries providing goods e.g. selling in retail/shops; and services e.g. transport, health

(b)Give two examples of tertiary industries: (2 x ½ mark)

There are many e.g. tourism, finance, retail/shop work; teaching; health etc. Credit any other tertiary industry

(a)What is a transnational/multinational company? (2 marks)

A large company operating in many countries

(b)Give two examples: (2 x ½ mark)

Many to choose from e.g. Nike, McDonalds, Coca-Cola, Adidas, Sony, Apple – credit any other transnational

(a)Explain what each of the following means. (5 x 1 mark)

(i)life expectancy: the average age an individual can expect to live to from birth

(ii)inequality: not the same (or equal): different

(iii)resources: anything that has a real use e.g. water, oil etc

(iv)carrying capacity:the number of people that can be supported by the resources available.

(v)sustainability:resources which can be used again and again, or at a rate at which they can be replaced.

(b)Describe and explain the connection between carrying capacity, resources and sustainability.
(4 marks) Good answers will contain the following (or similar) ideas:

The world’s resources are not finite – many cannot be replaced once they have been used. Only a certain amount of people can be supported by these resources (carrying capacity). If resources are used in an unsustainable way, they will quickly run out and the carrying capacity reached or exceeded. Resources need to be used carefully and sustainably if there are to be enough for everyone.

10.

Give three reasons why geography is a subject everyone should learn (3 x 1 mark).

Student choice but could deal with relevance to certain jobs; helps us to understand our Earth and e.g. weather, landscapes etc. Map skills; why and where people live etc.

(Total = 50 marks)

Section B: Geographical Skills

What four things should every map have? (4 x ½ mark)
Title; scale; key; north/direction arrow

Study the map below.

(a)What type of map is it? (1 mark) Political

(b)Is it a small scale or large scale map? (1 mark) Large scale
Explain your answer. (2 x 1 mark) e.g.

•it covers a large area (a whole country)

•it does not show much detail – mainly places and boundaries/borders

(c)Work out the distances between the locations in the table below and the direction in which you would have to travel: (8 x 1 mark)

From / To / Distance in km / Direction
Utrecht / Arnhem / 60 / East / SSE
The Hague / Assen / 190 / North East
Maastrict / Groningen / 260 / South/SSW
Lelystad / Amsterdam / 50 / South West

Use an atlas to give the latitude and longitude for: (4 x ½ mark)

(i)Rotterdam 51º55’N 4º 30’E

(ii)London 30’N 0º 10’W

(iii)Berlin 52º 31’N 13º26’E

(iv)New Orleans 30º 0’N 90º 1’W

(a)What does GIS mean? (1 mark)Geographical Information System

(b)Explain how GIS is used to make digital, layered maps? (3 marks)

•Data is used to make a base map of an area, usually a relief map.

•Extra layers are then added on top containing the exact information needed.

•Each layer can be updated separately when necessary rather than the entire map being redrawn.

(a)What type of graph is this? (1 mark)

Multiple/Composite bar graph

(b)Explain one benefit from presenting data in this way (2 marks) e.g.

•Easy to visually compare related data and see relationships/trends

•Contain a lot of data on just one graph

(c)Use the graph to answer the following questions: (3 x 1 mark for each question)

(i)What was the highest death rate per 1000? 32 Which year?1960

(ii)What was the highest birth rate? 52 Which year?1960

(iii)Between which years did birth rate fall the most ? 1980-1990

(d)Describe the pattern for natural increase shown by the graph. Use data to support your answer. (3 marks)marks should be for patterns/trends with appropriate data.

In 1960, natural increase is 19 per thousand. By 1970 this has increased to 22 per thousand. It continues to rise gradually – to 26 per thousand in 1980 and 27 in 1990. However, the trend changes by 2000 when the rate has dropped to 20 per thousand, close to where it was in 1960.

(a)Which two types of graph are used to show percentages? (2 x 1 mark)
Pie charts/graphs and divided bar graphs

(b)Drawone of each type to show the data below.
(2+2 marks)
Graph must be accurate and have a key to the shading (which can be shared) OR each sector clearly labelled for 2 marks

Draw a simple sketch of the photograph below in the frame next to it. Add 4 labels to help describe it. (4 marks)

(a)What is a cross section diagram? (1 mark)
It is a diagram showing a slice through something

(b)Explain why cross sections are useful to geographers.(2 marks – explanation and example)
Theyallow us to see inside a feature e.g. a hurricane, to understand its structure and shape and/or how it works

Give two pieces of useful advice for someone researching a geography topic online. (2 + 2 marks each. Various answers available but may include):

•Date published – it may be relevant if looking at data or e.g. accounts of something written close to the event may be inaccurate and corrected later

•Make sure the source is reliable/accurate e.g. a government site, newspaper etc. Everything is written from someone’s viewpoint, but tried and trusted sources are more reliable than e.g. someone’s personal view on twitter or other social networking sites

•Use a variety of sources to give a wide view / cross reference information

10.

The Three Gorges Dam Project in China is a good case study (example) of a large multi-purpose river scheme. Give two reasons why case studies are very important in geography. (2 + 2 marks each)

•They are actual examples of e.g. an event or a physical feature, so they should back up the theory of what you have learnt with a real place

•They can be compared to see differences and similarities – or changes

(Total = 50 marks)

Section A = 50 marks

Section B = 50 marks

Total = 100 marks