Table S6. Health and wellbeing at baseline, 8 and 12 weeks, completers only

Range and interpretation (self-report measures) / Group / N / Baseline / 8 weeks / 12 weeks
Mean
(95% CI) / Mean
(95% CI) / Mean
(95% CI)
Confidence in balance / 1-3
(3: Greatest confidence) / Intervention / 44 / 2.70
(2.59, 2.80) / 2.73
(2.63, 2.83) / 2.71
(2.59, 2.82)
Control / 44 / 2.72
(2.58, 2.83) / 2.75
(2.64, 2.84) / 2.74
(2.63, 2.84)
Falls efficacy / 1-4
(4: Greater efficacy for avoidingfalls) / Intervention / 37 / 3.56
(3.34, 3.75) / 3.64
(3.46, 3.79) / 3.71
(3.56, 3.83)
Control / 41 / 3.75
(3.62, 3.84) / 3.76
(3.61, 3.86) / 3.78
(3.64, 3.89)
Depression / 1-4
(4: Greater depression) / Intervention / 45 / 1.74
(1.50, 2.01) / 1.56
(1.37, 1.80) / 1.67
(1.43, 1.92)
Control / 43 / 1.64
(1.40, 1.92) / 1.56
(1.34, 1.81) / 1.59
(1.35, 1.90)
Pain / 1-6
(6: Most pain) / Intervention / 44 / 2.18
(1.91, 2.50) / 2.20
(1.93, 2.48) / 2.11
(1.86, 2.36)
Control / 43 / 2.21
(1.93, 2.47) / 2.16
(1.93, 2.40) / 2.28
(2.05, 2.51)
Stiffness / 1-5
(5: Most stiffness) / Intervention / 35 / 2.11
(1.86, 2.40) / 2.14
(1.89, 2.43) / 2.00
(1.71, 2.29)
Control / 34 / 2.26
(2.03, 2.53) / 2.06
(1.77, 2.32) / 2.26
(2.03, 2.53)
Quality of life / 0-100
(100: greatest quality of life) / Intervention / 39 / 74.96
(68.38, 81.15) / 75.03
(68.80, 80.67) / 74.92
(68.21, 81.08)
Control / 37 / 76.16
(71.60, 80.49) / 78.30
(73.78, 82.46) / 77.03
(71.81, 81.95)
Blood pressure (systolic) / - / Intervention / 38 / 134.24
(129.24, 140.29) / 135.71
(129.55, 142.34) / 135.24
(129.05, 141.00)
Control / 44 / 142.32
(136.48, 148.81) / 140.18
(135.14, 145.68) / 140.91
(135.39, 146.95)
Blood pressure (diastolic) / - / Intervention / 38 / 75.87
(72.63, 78.97) / 77.61
(73.74, 81.82) / 77.66
(74.32, 81.11)
Control / 44 / 78.25
(75.18, 81.39) / 73.95
(71.11, 76.86) / 76.32
(73.43, 79.25)
Balance
(able to tandem-stand for 10s) / - / Intervention / Smallest N: 44 / Yes: N = 41
No: N = 4 / Yes: N = 41
No: N = 3 / Yes: N = 40
No: N = 4
Control / Smallest N: 46 / Yes: N = 42
No: N = 4 / Yes: N = 41
No: N = 5 / Yes: N = 41
No: N = 5
Leg strength
(able to rise from chair 5 times unaided) / - / Intervention / Smallest N: 44 / Yes: N = 40
No: N = 4 / Yes: N = 42
No: N = 2 / Yes: N = 40
No: N = 2
Control / Smallest N: 45 / Yes: N = 44
No: N = 1 / Yes: N = 45
No: N = 1 / Yes: N = 45
No: N = 1
Leg strength
(time to perform 5 chair rises) / - / Intervention / 40 / Time taken: 14.72
(13.62, 15.89) / Time taken: 13.42
(12.31, 14.65) / Time taken: 13.10
(12.14, 14.17)
Control / 44 / Time taken: 15.95
(13.76, 19.02) / Time taken: 12.71
(11.32, 14.33) / Time taken:
13.01
(11.30, 15.10)
Walking speed / - / Intervention / 43 / 3.05
(2.81, 3.37) / 2.83
(2.61, 3.07) / 2.85
(2.57, 3.21)
Control / 45 / 3.16
(2.81, 3.62) / 2.91
(2.65, 3.24) / 2.82
(2.57, 3.15)

N refers to sample size for within-group analyses, using listwise deletion.

Description of objective measures:

Blood pressure represents second of two consecutive measurements captured by Omron M2 Classic monitors (Omron Healthcare, Kyoto, Japan); balance represents whether able to stand one foot directly in front of other for 10 seconds; leg strength measures assess whether able, and time taken, to rise from chair five times without using arms; walking speed represents faster of two consecutive 8ft walks.

Description of self-report measures:

Quality of life assessed using the EQ5D visual analogue scale [1]; fear of falling measured using the seven-item International Short Falls Efficiency Scale [2]; confidence in balance measured using the ten-item CONFBal scale [3]; fatigue measured two items from the CESD scale (‘Over the past week, how often did you feel [that everything you did was an effort/that you could not get going]?’; [4]); pain measured by a single item (‘Which of these best describes your pain over the last week?’ [1 = no pain; 7 = worst possible pain]; [5]); stiffness measured by a single item (‘Which of these best describes your general stiffness over the last week?’ [1 = no stiffness, 5 = very severe stiffness]).

References

[1] The EuroQol Group: EuroQol - a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life.Health Policy 1990, 16:199–208.

[2] Geetrudis IJ, Kempen GI, Yardley L, van Haastregt JC, Zijlstra GA, Beyer N, Hauer K, Todd C: The short FES-I: a shortened version of the falls efficacy scale - international to assess fear of falling.Age Ageing 2008, 37:45–50.

[3] Simpson JM, Worsfold C, Fisher KD, Valentine JD: The CONFbal scale: a measure of balance confidence - a key outcome of rehabilitation.Physiotherapy 2009, 95:103–109.

[4] Radloff LS: The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population.Appl Psych Meas 1977, 1:385–401.

[5] Flaherty E: Using pain-rating scales with older adults. Am J Nurs 2008, 108:40–47.