Table S3. Associations between intestinal health biomarkers and child sociodemographic, morbidity and anthropometric characteristics in 18-month-old study participants1
Characteristic / MPO (ng/mL),β (SE) / AAT
(μg/mL),
β (SE) / NEO (nmol/L),
β (SE) / GLP-2 (ng/mL),
β (SE) / EndoCAb IgG (mu/mL),
β (SE) / EndoCAb IgM (mu/mL),
β (SE) / EndoCAb IgA (mu/mL),
β (SE)
Sociodemographic
Sex, female / 0.01 (0.08) / -0.02 (0.08) / 0.11 (0.07) / 0.03 (0.05) / -0.05 (0.09) / 0.13 (0.04)*** / 0.12 (0.10)
LSI, high / -0.01 (0.08) / 0.04 (0.08) / -0.04 (0.08) / -0.11 (0.05)** / 0.14 (0.09) / 0.02 (0.05) / -0.13 (0.11)
Mother’s education
1-9 years / 0.03 (0.10) / 0.03 (0.10) / 0.06 (0.09) / -0.18 (0.06)*** / -0.24 (0.11) / 0.05 (0.06) / -0.13 (0.13)
SSC passed2 / -0.01 (0.18) / -0.03 (0.18) / 0.11 (0.17) / 0.08 (0.12) / -0.36 (0.21) / 0.20 (0.10)* / 0.12 (0.26)
11+ years / -0.18 (0.17) / -0.25 (0.18) / 0.22 (0.16) / -0.11 (0.11) / -0.18 (0.20) / 0.25 (0.10)** / 0.19 (0.25)
Morbidity history
Diarrhea3 / 0.11 (0.19) / -0.16 (0.21) / 0.37 (0.19)* / 0.13 (0.12) / -0.20 (0.23) / 0.02 (0.11) / 0.26 (0.28)
Fever3 / -0.19 (0.14) / -0.14 (0.14) / 0.15 (0.13) / -0.20 (0.09) / 0.15 (0.16) / -0.00 (0.08) / 0.16 (0.19)
Cough3 / 0.12 (0.08) / -0.03 (0.08) / 0.10 (0.07) / 0.03 (0.05) / -0.08 (0.09) / -0.05 (0.05) / -0.10 (0.11)
Prior anthropometry
LAZ, 6 mo / -0.03 (0.04) / -0.06 (0.04) / 0.03 (0.04) / -0.05 (0.03)* / 0.08 (0.05) / 0.03 (0.02) / 0.07 (0.06)
WLZ, 6 mo / -0.01 (0.04) / 0.07 (0.05) / 0.02 (0.04) / -0.06 (0.03)** / 0.03 (0.05) / -0.02 (0.03) / -0.20 (0.06)***
ΔLAZ, 6-18 mo / 0.10 (0.13) / -0.03 (0.13) / 0.09 (0.12) / -0.03 (0.08) / -0.04 (0.14) / 0.05 (0.07) / 0.11 (0.17)
ΔWLZ, 6-18 mo / -0.02 (0.11) / -0.07 (0.11) / 0.04 (0.11) / -0.13 (0.07)* / -0.13 (0.13) / 0.01 (0.07) / -0.14 (0.15)
1Coefficients and p-values are from multivariable linear regression models with dependent variable log-transformed biomarker and child characteristics as independent variables in separate models for each domain. *0.05<p≤0.1; **0.01<p≤0.5; ***p≤0.01. 2SSC is the secondary school completion exam, taken at the end of year 10 of schooling. 3Dichotomous variable for whether symptoms of the listed morbidity were reported by the mother for the 7 days prior to the EED assessment. Abbreviations: AAT, α-1 antitrypsin; EndoCAb, endotoxin core antibody; GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide-2; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; LAZ, length-for-age z-score; LSI, living standards index; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NEO, neopterin; SSC, secondary school completion exam; WLZ, weight-for-length z-score.
Table S4. Associations between systemic health biomarkers and child sociodemographic, morbidity and anthropometric characteristics in 18-month-old study participants1
Characteristic / Total IgG (g/L),β (SE) / Total IgM (g/L),
β (SE) / Total IgA (g/L),
β (SE) / CRP (mg/L),
β (SE) / AGP (mg/dL),
β (SE)
Sociodemographic
Sex, female / 0.14 (0.05)*** / 0.15 (0.04)*** / 0.05 (0.04) / 0.07 (0.15) / -0.00 (0.03)
LSI, high / -0.08 (0.05) / -0.03 (0.04) / -0.06 (0.05) / 0.31 (0.16) / 0.00 (0.03)
Mother’s education
1-9 years / -0.00 (0.06) / 0.01 (0.05) / -0.10 (0.05)* / -0.26 (0.19) / -0.08 (0.04)
SSC passed2 / -0.01 (0.11) / 0.02 (0.09) / -0.18 (0.10)* / -0.54 (0.36) / -0.11 (0.07)
11+ years / 0.02 (0.11) / 0.05 (0.09) / -0.12 (0.10) / -0.40 (0.35) / -0.01 (0.07)
Morbidity history
Diarrhea3 / 0.04 (0.12) / 0.14 (0.10) / 0.31 (0.11)*** / 0.02 (0.38) / 0.01 (0.07)
Fever3 / 0.00 (0.08) / 0.16 (0.07)** / 0.04 (0.08) / 0.87 (0.26)*** / 0.26 (0.05)***
Cough3 / -0.12 (0.05) / 0.01 (0.04) / 0.05 (0.04) / 0.35 (0.15)** / 0.09 (0.03)***
Prior anthropometry
LAZ, 6 mo / 0.00 (0.03) / -0.00 (0.02) / -0.05 (0.02) / -0.06 (0.08) / -0.00 (0.02)
WLZ, 6 mo / -0.01 (0.03) / 0.01 (0.02) / 0.01 (0.02) / 0.04 (0.09) / -0.01 (0.02)
ΔLAZ, 6-18 mo / -0.02 (0.08) / 0.03 (0.06) / -0.14 (0.07) / -0.12 (0.25) / -0.01 (0.05)
ΔWLZ, 6-18 mo / -0.11 (0.07) / 0.04 (0.06) / 0.00 (0.06) / -0.16 (0.22) / -0.08 (0.04)
1Coefficients and p-values are from multivariable linear regression models with dependent variable log-transformed biomarker and child characteristics as independent variables in separate models for each domain. *0.05<p≤0.1; **0.01<p≤0.5; ***p≤0.01. 2SSC is the secondary school completion exam, taken at the end of year 10 of schooling. 3Dichotomous variable for whether symptoms of the listed morbidity were reported by the mother for the 7 days prior to the EED assessment. Abbreviations: AGP, α-1 acid glycoprotein; CRP, c-reactive protein; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; LAZ, length-for-age z-score; LSI, living standards index; SSC, secondary school completion exam; WLZ, weight-for-length z-score.