Table S1. Site Characteristics of European Beech Plots

Table S1. Site characteristics of European beech plots.

Locality / ŠLP I / SLP II / Sekier I / Sekier II / Hrochoť / Kráľová / Zvolen
Altitude (m a.s.l.) / 710 / 675 / 670 / 660 / 620 / 550 / 460
Longitude ( ° ) ( ' ) ( '' ) / 19°00'23'' / 19°03'17'' / 19°13'26'' / 19°13'18'' / 19°17'01'' / 19°09'36'' / 19°07'36''
Latitude ( ° ) ( ' ) ( '' ) / 48°37'56'' / 48°38'45'' / 48°29'57'' / 48°29'58'' / 48°39'30'' / 48°32'05'' / 48°33'10''
Exposition / W / SW / N / NW / NW / NW / N
Slope (%) / 15 / 40 / 50 / 50 / 20 / 20 / 20
Average annual temperature (°C) / 6.8 / 7.0 / 6.8 / 6.8 / 6.9 / 7.5 / 7.9
Annual precipitation (mm) / 920 / 900 / 826 / 824 / 764 / 766 / 740
Soil group (FAO) / Cambisol / Cambisol / Cambisol / Cambisol / Cambisol / Cambisol / Cambisol
Geobiocenological unit / Fagetum typicum / Fagetum typicum / Fagetum typicum / Fagetum typicum / Fagetum pauper / Fagetum pauper / Querceto Fagetum
Mean age (years) / 9.0 / 6.0 / 9.0 / 4.0 / 8.0 / 6.0 / 3,0
Mean diameter d0 (mm) / 25.0 / 14.5 / 20.0 / 7.0 / 18.8 / 12.5 / 3.5
Mean height (m) / 1.71 / 1.32 / 2.44 / 0.54 / 2.23 / 1.17 / 0.58
Canopy closure (%) / 75 / 85 / 95 / 70 / 100 / 95 / 95
Basal area (m2.ha-1) / 15.08 / 14.46 / 31.66 / 4.39 / 43.72 / 38.41 / 29.70
Number of trees in full canopy (thousand per ha) / 36 / 92 / 73 / 146 / 121 / 251 / 783

Table S2. Site characteristics of selected Sessile oak plots.

Locality / Antol / Ladzany I / Ladzany II / Krupina I / Krupina II / Žibritov I / Žibritov II
Altitude (m a.s.l.) / 560 / 480 / 500 / 460 / 380 / 480 / 480
Longitude ( ° ) ( ' ) ( '' ) / 18°57'18'' / 18°51'33'' / 18°50'56'' / 19°01'21'' / 19°05'05'' / 19°01'58'' / 19°01'42''
Latitude ( ° ) ( ' ) ( '' ) / 48°22'12'' / 48°17'27'' / 48°17'33'' / 48°20'19'' / 48°22'44'' / 48°22'46'' / 48°22'53''
Exposition / E / SW / E / SE / N / S / S
Slope (%) / 35 / 10 / 5 / 10 / 10 / 20 / 10
Average annual temperature (°C) / 7.6 / 7.9 / 7.7 / 8.3 / 8.1 / 7.8 / 7.7
Annual precipitation (mm) / 825 / 801 / 823 / 709 / 692 / 763 / 776
Soil group (FAO) / Cambisol / Luvisol / Cambisol / Cambisol / Cambisol / Cambisol / Cambisol
Geobiocenological unit / Fageto Quercetum / Fageto Quercetum / Fageto Quercetum / Fageto Quercetum / Fageto Quercetum / Fageto Quercetum / Fageto Quercetum
Mean age (years) / 5.5 / 12.0 / 2.5 / 7.5 / 1.5 / 4.0 / 8.0
Mean diameter d0 (mm) / 13.6 / 37.9 / 4.1 / 18.6 / 2.7 / 5.9 / 17.6
Mean height (m) / 1.01 / 5.07 / 0.26 / 2.00 / 0.16 / 0.47 / 2.99
Canopy closure (%) / 90 / 95 / 75 / 95 / 60 / 80 / 95
Basal area (m2.ha-1) / 16.21 / 16.95 / 7.20 / 24.40 / 2.65 / 11.43 / 13.64
Number of trees in full canopy (thousand per ha) / 84 / 13 / 428 / 64 / 463 / 289 / 46

Table S3. Site characteristics of selected Scots pine plots.

Locality / Kopčany I / Zolná / Kováčová / Kišovce / Žiar n/Hr. / Levoča / Kopčany II
Altitude (m a.s.l.) / 165 / 430 / 380 / 640 / 380 / 620 / 165
Longitude ( ° ) ( ' ) ( '' ) / 17°04'55'' / 19°13'21'' / 19°04'24'' / 20°22'24'' / 18°52'33'' / 20°30'52'' / 17°04'50''
Latitude ( ° ) ( ' ) ( '' ) / 48°45'16'' / 48°37'11'' / 48°35'38'' / 49°01'43'' / 48°36'11'' / 49°01'07'' / 48°45'19''
Exposition / flat / SE / E / S / E / NE / flat
Slope (%) / 0 / 5 / 15 / 20 / 15 / 10 / 0
Average annual temperature (°C) / 9.9 / 7.7 / 8.0 / 6.2 / 8.2 / 6.2 / 9.9
Annual precipitation (mm) / 606 / 714 / 744 / 639 / 776 / 644 / 606
Soil group (FAO) / Regosol / Luvisol / Luvisol / Leptosol / Cambisol / Cambisol / Regosol
Geobiocenological unit / Carpineto Quercetum / Fageto Quercetum / Fageto Quercetum / Piceeto Pinetum inferiorum / Fageto Quercetum / Pinetum dealpinum superiorum / Carpineto Quercetum
Mean age (years) / 3.0 / 5.0 / 5.0 / 6.0 / 6.0 / 8.0 / 8.0
Mean diameter d0 (mm) / 14.9 / 28.6 / 37.4 / 21.2 / 43.6 / 41.3 / 36.9
Mean height (m) / 0.68 / 1.33 / 1.50 / 1.31 / 2.20 / 2.63 / 3.02
Canopy closure (%) / 82 / 92 / 75 / 77 / 85 / 90 / 100
Basal area (m2.ha-1) / 12.56 / 23.99 / 18.23 / 14.77 / 26.47 / 31.14 / 55.66
Number of trees in full canopy (thousand per ha) / 70 / 31 / 16 / 36 / 18 / 19 / 43

Table S4. Regression coefficients of BECF calculation models in European beech.

Eq. / Tree compartment / b0 / S.E. / P / b1 / S.E. / P / b2 / S.E. / P / R2 / MSE / λ / S.D.
(9) / Stem / -0.377 / 0.059 / <0.001 / -0.023 / 0.023 / 0.307 / 0.006 / 0.022 / 1.010 / 0.134
Branches / -2.325 / 0.226 / <0.001 / 0.242 / 0.087 / 0.006 / 0.044 / 0.317 / 1.158 / 0.652
Foliage / -0.093 / 0.214 / 0.664 / -0.501 / 0.083 / <0.001 / 0.179 / 0.284 / 1.143 / 0.594
Roots / 0.697 / 0.230 / 0.003 / -0.515 / 0.089 / <0.001 / 0.166 / 0.330 / 1.148 / 0.559
Aboveground / 0.369 / 0.102 / <0.001 / -0.099 / 0.039 / 0.013 / 0.036 / 0.064 / 1.032 / 0.264
Whole tree / 1.136 / 0.128 / <0.001 / -0.236 / 0.049 / <0.001 / 0.120 / 0.102 / 1.050 / 0.327
(10) / Stem / -0.434 / 0.011 / <0.001 / -0.057 / 0.019 / 0.003 / 0.053 / 0.021 / 1.009 / 0.129
Branches / -1.709 / 0.044 / <0.001 / -0.036 / 0.075 / 0.633 / 0.001 / 0.331 / 1.161 / 0.646
Foliage / -1.336 / -0.648 / <0.001 / -0.648 / 0.058 / <0.001 / 0.426 / 0.199 / 1.100 / 0.482
Roots / -0.578 / 0.036 / <0.001 / -0.708 / 0.061 / <0.001 / 0.446 / 0.219 / 1.102 / 0.474
Aboveground / 0.127 / 0.018 / <0.001 / -0.199 / 0.030 / <0.001 / 0.208 / 0.053 / 1.026 / 0.235
Whole tree / 0.553 / 0.020 / <0.001 / -0.360 / 0.034 / <0.001 / 0.395 / 0.070 / 1.035 / 0.272
(11) / Stem / -0.703 / 0.100 / <0.001 / 0.107 / 0.039 / 0.007 / -0.132 / 0.033 / <0.001 / 0.093 / 0.020 / 1.009 / 0.127
Branches / -3.941 / 0.365 / <0.001 / 0.889 / 0.145 / <0.001 / -0.655 / 0.121 / <0.001 / 0.186 / 0.271 / 1.130 / 0.568
Foliage / -2.459 / 0.301 / <0.001 / 0.447 / 0.119 / <0.001 / -0.959 / 0.100 / <0.001 / 0.471 / 0.184 / 1.093 / 0.471
Roots / -2.071 / 0.307 / <0.001 / 0.595 / 0.122 / <0.001 / -1.122 / 0.102 / <0.001 / 0.516 / 0.193 / 1.096 / 0.485
Aboveground / -0.659 / 0.149 / <0.001 / 0.313 / 0.059 / <0.001 / -0.417 / 0.050 / <0.001 / 0.322 / 0.046 / 1.022 / 0.217
Whole tree / -0.409 / 0.170 / 0.017 / 0.383 / 0.067 / <0.001 / -0.627 / 0.057 / <0.001 / 0.493 / 0.059 / 1.030 / 0.256

Table S5. Regression coefficients of BECF calculation models in Sessile oak.

Eq. / Tree compartment / b0 / S.E. / P / b1 / S.E. / P / b2 / S.E. / P / R2 / MSE / λ / S.D.
(9) / Stem / -0.217 / 0.054 / <0.001 / -0.035 / 0.017 / 0.046 / 0.037 / 0.014 / 1.007 / 0.117
Branches / -1.931 / 0.208 / <0.001 / -0.031 / 0.066 / 0.635 / 0.002 / 0.206 / 1.102 / 0.489
Foliage / 1.596 / 0.111 / <0.001 / -0.970 / 0.044 / <0.001 / 0.713 / 0.286 / 1.161 / 0.727
Roots / 2.011 / 0.157 / <0.001 / -0.881 / 0.048 / <0.001 / 0.726 / 0.136 / 1.069 / 0.416
Aboveground / 1.448 / 0.093 / <0.001 / -0.387 / 0.030 / <0.001 / 0.632 / 0.041 / 1.020 / 0.209
Whole tree / 2.226 / 0.106 / <0.001 / -0.528 / 0.034 / <0.001 / 0.712 / 0.053 / 1.027 / 0.245
(10) / Stem / -0.317 / 0.014 / <0.001 / -0.014 / 0.015 / 0.333 / 0.009 / 0.015 / 1.007 / 0.120
Branches / -1.949 / 0.051 / <0.001 / -0.143 / 0.053 / 0.009 / 0.062 / 0.194 / 1.093 / 0.450
Foliage / -0.564 / 0.042 / <0.001 / -1.366 / 0.044 / <0.001 / 0.907 / 0.126 / 1.060 / 0.356
Roots / -0.272 / 0.034 / <0.001 / -0.803 / 0.032 / <0.001 / 0.830 / 0.084 / 1.042 / 0.311
Aboveground / 0448 / 0.015 / <0.001 / -0.383 / 0.016 / <0.001 / 0.857 / 0.016 / 1.008 / 0.126
Whole tree / 0.854 / 0.016 / <0.001 / -0.504 / 0.017 / <0.001 / 0.900 / 0.019 / 1.009 / 0.140
(11) / Stem / 0.022 / 0.117 / 0.852 / -0.127 / 0.044 / 0.004 / 0.084 / 0.037 / 0.024 / 0.082 / 0.014 / 1.007 / 0.115
Branches / -4.175 / 0.386 / <0.001 / 0.833 / 0.143 / <0.001 / -0.788 / 0.121 / <0.001 / 0.289 / 0.148 / 1.072 / 0.402
Foliage / -2.913 / 0.302 / <0.001 / 0.875 / 0.112 / <0.001 / -2.058 / 0.095 / <0.001 / 0.942 / 0.079 / 1.038 / 0.285
Roots / -0.191 / 0.277 / 0.492 / -0.030 / 0.103 / 0.768 / -0.779 / 0.087 / <0.001 / 0.831 / 0.084 / 1.042 / 0.310
Aboveground / -0.208 / 0.120 / 0.086 / 0.245 / 0.044 / <0.001 / -0576 / 0.038 / <0.001 / 0.890 / 0.012 / 1.006 / 0.109
Whole tree / 0.352 / 0.138 / 0.013 / 0.187 / 0.051 / <0.001 / -0.652 / 0.044 / <0.001 / 0.912 / 0.017 / 1.008 / 0.130

Table S6. Regression coefficients of BECF calculation models in Scots pine.

Eq. / Tree compartment / b0 / S.E. / P / b1 / S.E. / P / b2 / S.E. / P / R2 / MSE / λ / S.D.
(9) / Stem / 0.049 / 0.044 / 0.275 / -0.253 / 0.013 / <0.001 / 0.657 / 0.017 / 1.009 / 0.148
Branches / -0.787 / 0.141 / <0.001 / -0.221 / 0.044 / <0.001 / 0.126 / 0.174 / 1.086 / 0.442
Foliage / 1.236 / 0.180 / <0.001 / -0.720 / 0.056 / <0.001 / 0.485 / 0.286 / 1.139 / 0.586
Roots / -0.421 / 0.178 / 0.019 / -0.502 / 0.056 / <0.001 / 0.320 / 0.277 / 1.151 / 0.670
Aboveground / 1.497 / 0.094 / <0.001 / -0.443 / 0.030 / <0.001 / 0.566 / 0.078 / 1.040 / 0.305
Whole tree / 1.667 / 0.097 / <0.001 / -0.458 / 0.030 / <0.001 / 0.569 / 0.082 / 1.042 / 0.314
(10) / Stem / -0.680 / 0.012 / <0.001 / -0.228 / 0.015 / <0.001 / 0.547 / 0.023 / 1.012 / 0.162
Branches / -1.392 / 0.031 / <0.001 / -0.313 / 0.040 / <0.001 / 0.261 / 0.147 / 1.071 / 0.386
Foliage / -0.795 / 0.036 / <0.001 / -0.813 / 0.047 / <0.001 / 0.631 / 0.204 / 1.096 / 0.460
Roots / -1.814 / 0.034 / <0.001 / -0.653 / 0.045 / <0.001 / 0.554 / 0.182 / 1.094 / 0.497
Aboveground / 0.242 / 0.019 / <0.001 / -0.483 / 0.025 / <0.001 / 0.687 / 0.056 / 1.028 / 0.247
Whole tree / 0.374 / 0.018 / <0.001 / -0.510 / 0.024 / <0.001 / 0.722 / 0.053 / 1.027 / 0.240
(11) / Stem / 0.019 / 0.094 / 0.840 / -0.243 / 0.033 / <0.001 / -0.011 / 0.032 / 0.723 / 0.658 / 0.017 / 1.009 / 0.148
Branches / -2.430 / 0.264 / <0.001 / 0.360 / 0.091 / <0.001 / -0.635 / 0.090 / <0.001 / 0.323 / 0.136 / 1.065 / 0.374
Foliage / -1.153 / 0.323 / <0.001 / 0.124 / 0.111 / 0.267 / -0.924 / 0.110 / <0.001 / 0.634 / 0.204 / 1.096 / 0.460
Roots / -3.305 / 0.284 / <0.001 / 0.518 / 0.098 / <0.001 / -1.115 / 0.097 / <0.001 / 0.617 / 0.157 / 1.084 / 0.500
Aboveground / 0.271 / 0.170 / 0.113 / -0.010 / 0.059 / 0.863 / -0.474 / 0.058 / <0.001 / 0.687 / 0.057 / 1.028 / 0.247
Whole tree / 0.246 / 0.165 / 0.139 / 0.045 / 0.057 / 0.434 / -0.549 / 0.056 / <0.001 / 0.723 / 0.053 / 1.027 / 0.239

Table S7. Estimated stem volume, BECFs and dry weights in European beech biomass compartments according to tree diameter at base (DAB).

DAB (mm) / V (cm3) / stem / branches / foliage / roots
BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g) / BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g) / BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g) / BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g)
5 / 9.2 / 0.766 / 7.1 / 0.152 / 1.4 / 1.202 / 11.1 / 1.934 / 17.9
10 / 47.1 / 0.748 / 35.2 / 0.149 / 7.0 / 0.614 / 28.9 / 1.050 / 49.5
15 / 122.2 / 0.737 / 90.1 / 0.147 / 18.0 / 0.414 / 50.6 / 0.735 / 89.8
20 / 240.4 / 0.730 / 175.5 / 0.146 / 35.0 / 0.313 / 75.3 / 0.570 / 137.1
25 / 406.2 / 0.724 / 294.2 / 0.145 / 58.7 / 0.252 / 102.5 / 0.469 / 190.3
30 / 623.6 / 0.720 / 448.8 / 0.144 / 89.7 / 0.211 / 131.8 / 0.399 / 248.8
35 / 896.0 / 0.716 / 641.3 / 0.143 / 128.2 / 0.182 / 163.1 / 0.348 / 312.1
40 / 1,226.5 / 0.712 / 873.7 / 0.143 / 174.8 / 0.160 / 196.2 / 0.310 / 379.8
45 / 1,617.8 / 0.709 / 1,147.7 / 0.142 / 229.7 / 0.143 / 230.8 / 0.279 / 451.6
50 / 2,072.5 / 0.707 / 1,464.9 / 0.142 / 293.4 / 0.129 / 267.0 / 0.254 / 527.3
55 / 2,593.1 / 0.704 / 1,826.8 / 0.141 / 365.9 / 0.117 / 304.5 / 0.234 / 606.6
60 / 3,181.7 / 0.702 / 2,234.6 / 0.141 / 447.8 / 0.108 / 343.4 / 0.217 / 689.4
65 / 3,840.4 / 0.700 / 2,689.8 / 0.140 / 539.2 / 0.100 / 383.5 / 0.202 / 775.4
70 / 4,571.4 / 0.699 / 3,193.4 / 0.140 / 640.3 / 0.093 / 424.9 / 0.189 / 864.7

Table S8. Estimated stem volume, BECFs and dry weights in Sessile oak biomass compartments according to tree diameter at base (DAB).

DAB (mm) / V (cm3) / stem / branches / foliage / roots
BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g) / BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g) / BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g) / BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g)
5 / 5.9 / 0.667 / 4.0 / 0.167 / 1.0 / 0.465 / 2.8 / 1.007 / 6.0
10 / 35.4 / 0.656 / 23.3 / 0.198 / 7.0 / 0.329 / 11.6 / 0.705 / 25.0
15 / 100.9 / 0.650 / 65.6 / 0.218 / 22.0 / 0.268 / 27.1 / 0.572 / 57.8
20 / 212.1 / 0.646 / 136.9 / 0.234 / 49.5 / 0.232 / 49.2 / 0.494 / 104.7
25 / 377.2 / 0.642 / 242.3 / 0.247 / 93.0 / 0.208 / 78.3 / 0.440 / 166.0
30 / 603.9 / 0.640 / 386.2 / 0.258 / 155.6 / 0.190 / 114.4 / 0.401 / 242.0
35 / 898.9 / 0.637 / 572.9 / 0.268 / 240.5 / 0.175 / 157.7 / 0.370 / 332.7
40 / 1,268.8 / 0.635 / 806.1 / 0.276 / 350.6 / 0.164 / 208.2 / 0.346 / 438.5
45 / 1,719.6 / 0.634 / 1,089.4 / 0.284 / 488.9 / 0.155 / 266.0 / 0.325 / 559.3
50 / 2,257.0 / 0.632 / 1,426.3 / 0.292 / 658.2 / 0.147 / 331.2 / 0.308 / 695.3
55 / 2,886.4 / 0.631 / 1,820.0 / 0.298 / 861.4 / 0.140 / 403.8 / 0.293 / 846.7
60 / 3,613.2 / 0.629 / 2,273.7 / 0.305 / 1,101.2 / 0.134 / 483.9 / 0.280 / 1,013.5
65 / 4,442.3 / 0.628 / 2,790.2 / 0.311 / 1,380.4 / 0.129 / 571.6 / 0.269 / 1,195.8
70 / 5,378.7 / 0.627 / 3,372.5 / 0.316 / 1,701.6 / 0.124 / 666.8 / 0.259 / 1,393.6

Table S9. Estimated stem volume, BECFs and dry weights in Scots pine biomass compartments according to tree diameter at base (DAB).

DAB (mm) / V (cm3) / stem / branches / foliage / roots
BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g) / BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g) / BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g) / BECF (g.cm-3) / dry weight (g)
5 / 7.6 / 0.705 / 5.4 / 0.347 / 2.7 / 1.230 / 9.4 / 0.337 / 2.6
10 / 39.8 / 0.592 / 23.6 / 0.298 / 11.9 / 0.747 / 29.7 / 0.238 / 9.5
15 / 104.5 / 0.534 / 55.8 / 0.272 / 28.5 / 0.558 / 58.3 / 0.194 / 20.3
20 / 207.3 / 0.496 / 102.9 / 0.256 / 53.0 / 0.453 / 94.0 / 0.168 / 34.8
25 / 352.5 / 0.469 / 165.4 / 0.243 / 85.8 / 0.386 / 136.1 / 0.150 / 53.0
30 / 544.1 / 0.448 / 243.7 / 0.234 / 127.1 / 0.339 / 184.2 / 0.137 / 74.6
35 / 785.2 / 0.431 / 338.3 / 0.226 / 177.3 / 0.303 / 237.9 / 0.127 / 99.6
40 / 1,079.0 / 0.417 / 449.4 / 0.219 / 236.6 / 0.275 / 296.9 / 0.119 / 128.0
45 / 1,428.1 / 0.404 / 577.4 / 0.214 / 305.2 / 0.253 / 361.1 / 0.112 / 159.7
50 / 1,835.1 / 0.394 / 722.4 / 0.209 / 383.1 / 0.234 / 430.1 / 0.106 / 194.7
55 / 2,302.3 / 0.384 / 884.8 / 0.204 / 470.7 / 0.219 / 503.8 / 0.101 / 232.9
60 / 2,832.1 / 0.376 / 1,064.7 / 0.201 / 568.0 / 0.206 / 582.1 / 0.097 / 274.2
65 / 3,426.4 / 0.368 / 1,262.3 / 0.197 / 675.1 / 0.194 / 664.8 / 0.093 / 318.7
70 / 4,087.3 / 0.362 / 1,477.8 / 0.194 / 792.3 / 0.184 / 751.8 / 0.090 / 366.3