Table 6 Other functional and metabolic imaging studies of individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure
Modality / Findings / ReferencesEEG /
- Hypersynchrony and elevated power during sleep in infants
- Havlicek et al. [1];
Ioffe et al. [3];
Ioffe and Chernick [4]
- Disruption of sleep and ↑ arousals in infants
- Scher et al. [5];
- ↑ Power during REM sleep related to worse motor development in infants
- Ioffe and Chernick [7]
- Moderate EEG abnormality in children
- Mattson et al. [8]
- ↓ EEG pathology with age
- Spohr and Steinhausen [9]
- ↓ Power in L hemisphere particularly in alpha frequencies in absence of significant slow wave activity
↓ Amplitude of P300 vs. Down’s syndrome /
- Kaneko et al. [10]
- Abnormal auditory evoked potentials
- Pettigrew and Hutchinson [11]; Rössig et al. [12]
- Abnormal visual evoked potentials
- Olegård et al. [13];
- Abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials
- Olegård et al. [13]
- Slower P2 latencies on Go/No go task
- Burden et al. [16, 17]
- No change in P2 and N3 amplitude across Go/No go conditions
- Burden et al. [16]
- ↓ FN400 amplitude on continuous recognition memory task
- Burden et al. [17]
- Absence of P3 differences distinguished ADHD individuals with and without alcohol exposure
- Burden et al. [18]
MEG /
- Difference in gamma power in R frontal, R parietal, andL occipital-temporal area during saccades
- Stephen at al. [19]
- Delayed latency of M100 in primary visual cortex during visual processing
- Coffman et al. [20]
- Delayed latency of M100 and M200 in bilateral superior temporal gyrus during auditory processing
- Stephen et al. [21]
MRS /
- ↓ Choline concentration in frontal-parietal white matter in FAS/pFAS vs. other alcohol exposed and vs. controls
- Astley et al. [22]
- ↓ NAA/cholineratio in R frontal cortex, bilateral anterior cingulate, R parietal cortex, L thalamus, bilateral dentate nuclei, and frontal white matter
↑ Absolute signal intensity for NAA in R frontal cortex and bilateral thalami
↑ Absolute signal intensity for choline in R frontal cortex, bilateral anterior cingulate, bilateral parietal cortex, R insula, L thalamus, L dentate, and bilateral frontal white matter
↑ Absolute signal intensity for creatine in bilateral anterior cingulate, bilateral parietal cortex, R insula, L thalamus, L dentate, and corpus callosum /
- Fagerlund et al. [23]
- ↑ NAA/creatine ratio in L caudate due to elevated NAA
- Cortese et al. [24]
- ↓ Choline/creatine ratio in L striatum
- Gonçalves et al. [25]
PET /
- ↓ Regional cerebral metabolic rate in bilateral caudate, thalami,andR putamen
- Clark et al. [26]
SPECT /
- Mild hypoperfusion of L hemisphere, particularly parietal-occipital area
- Riikonen et al. [27]
- ↓ Cerebral blood flow in temporal region compared to cerebellum
- Bhatara et al. [28]
- ↓ Tracer activity in bilateral temporal regions, basal ganglia, and thalami
- Codreanu et al. [29]
- ↓ Binding of medial frontal serotonin transporter
- Riikonen et al. [30]
If no contrast group is specified, findings show differences in individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure relative to non-exposed controls
R right,L left,EEG electroencephalography,MEG magnetoencephalography,MRSmagnetic resonance spectroscopy,PET positron emission tomography,SPECTsingle photon emission computerized tomography,ADHDnon-exposed contrast group with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,NAA = N-acetylaspartate
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