Table 1: Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia

Prevalence of DM
Estimate / Study description (study year, sampling frame, sample, study design, diagnostic test, and diagnostic criteria) / Reference
19.6%, men 21.9%, women 18.2%, n=97, N=495
Peak age group was 50-59 years old, followed by 40-49 years old, and 60-69 years old / Study year: 2008
Sampling frame: Suburban population of Ternate, a small remote island in Eastern Indonesia
Sample: 495 individuals, 187 (37.8%) men and 308 (62.2%) women, 20-84 years old
Study design: Cross-sectional survey
Diagnostic test: FPG
Criteria: ADA 1997 FBG (>126 mg/dl) / [15]
5.7%, 1.5% diagnosed, 4.2% undiagnosed
6.4% women, 4.9% men / Study and year: Riskesdas 2007
Sampling frame: 33 provinces, urban areas
Sample: 24,417 urban residents, >15 years old and not pregnant
Study design: Cross-sectional survey
Diagnostic test: FPG and OGTT
Criteria: WHO 1999 and ADA 2003 (>=200 mg/dl) / [9, 14]
1.7% (1982),
5.7% (1993), 12.8% (2001) in Jakarta
1.5% (NA), 5.4% (NA) in Ujung Pandang,
6.1% in Manado (1980s),
1.5% Bali (NA)
East Java rural and urban areas, 1.47% (NA)
Rural area of Ende, found a much lower prevalence of 1.56% (NA) / Study year: 1980s, 1982, 1983, 1995, 2001
Sampling frame: Various urban and rural areas
Sample: NA
Study design: NA
Diagnostic test: NA
Criteria: NA / Data from local unpublished studies, results reported in [17, 51, 52]
Asymptomatic cases of diabetes
Population screening:
5.42%, n=51 both sexes
7.42%, n=21 women
4.6%, n=30 men
Clinical screening:
17.08%, n=155 both sexes,
16.14%, n=78 women,
18.16%, n=77 men / Study year: 1997 population screening, 2000 clinical screening
Sampling frame: A group of government employees and retired military officers
Sample: Population screening: 941 (290 women, 651 men), clinical screening: 907 (483 women, 424 men)
Study design: Population screening and clinical screening
Diagnostic test: Population screening with OGTT. Clinical screening with FBG and OGTT
Criteria: WHO 1999 criteria / [12]
1.63%, n=44, N=2,704, 18 (40%) had previously been diagnosed but only 50% of them were on treatment, 1.8%, n=23 men, 1.5%, n=21 women
Peak age was 55-64 for both men and women / Study year: December 1981-June 1982
Sampling frame: Koja Utara sub district, Tanjungpriok, Northern Jakarta
Sample: 2,704, >=15
Study design: NA
Diagnostic test: OGTT
Criteria: WHO 1980 criteria / [18]
0.2% (Semarang), 0.26% (Surabaya)
28 patients with insulin-dependent DM / Study year: 1974, 1977, 1973-1977
Sampling frames: Cities of Semarang (1974), Surabaya (1977), one clinic (1973-1977)
Sample: 6-20 years old (Semarang, Surabaya), all children who attended the clinic between 1973-1988 aged between 1-15 years old (clinic)
Study design: NA
Diagnostic test: NA
Criteria: NA / Review of previous study plus data from the authors’ clinic
[16]

Notes: OGTT: Oral-glucose tolerance test; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose