Supporting table 1 Introduction to phenological data used in the study

Site / Location / Species / Year with
Observation / Year with the second bloom
Harbin / 45°45′N,
126°40′E,
146m / Rhododendron dauricum L. (R D) / 1984-1991, 2003-2006 / 2003, 2005, 2006
Prunus triloba Lindl. (P T) / 1964, 1965, 1973-1975,
1978, 1979, 1983-1991,
2003-2006
Syringa oblata var. alba
(S O var. alba) / 1973-1975, 1978, 1979,
1983, 1985-1991, 2003-2006
Mudanjiang / 44°26′N,
129°40′E,
300m / Rhododendron dauricum L. (R D) / 1983-1987, 1989-1996
Prunus triloba var. truncata
(P T var. truncata) / 1979-1993, 1995, 1996 / 1987
Syringa oblata var.alba
(S O var. alba) / 1978-1996 / 1989, 1994
Changchun / 43°52′N,
125°20′E,
215m / Syringa oblata Lindl. (S O) / 1986-1991, 1993-1995,
2003-2006 / 2003, 2004
Shenyang / 42°05′N,
123°00′E,
50m / Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (F V) / 1964, 1966, 1973-1976,
1978-1983, 2004-2006 / 1979, 2004
Syringa oblata Lindl. (S O) / 1963-1967, 1973-1976,
1978-1984, 1986-1988,
2003-2006
Beijing / 40°01′N,
116°20′E,
50～60m / Forsythia suspensa Vahl (F S) / 1968, 1972-1988, 1991, 2003-2006 / 1973, 1976, 1978, 1980, 2004-2006
Syringa oblata Lindl. (S O) / 1963-1968, 1972-1988,
1990-1996, 2003-2006 / 1995
Malus micromalus Makino (M M) / 1963-1968, 1972-1996,
2003-2006 / 1995
Liaocheng / 36°28′N,
115°58′E,
31～32m / Paulownia fortunei Hemsl. (P F) / 1971-1976, 1978, 1979,
1983-1991, 1993, 1994 / 1973
Yancheng / 33°21′N,
120°06′E,
1.8m / Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge (P B) / 1978-1996
Yangzhou / 32°25′N,
119°25′E,
8m / Prunus persica Stockes. (P P) / 1963, 1965-1968, 1973-1975, 1978-1980,
1983-1988, 1990, 1991,
1993, 1995, 1996 / 1967
Malus halliana Koehne (M H) / 1978, 1980, 1982-1988,
1990, 1991, 1993-1995 / 1984, 1986, 1991
Cercis chinensis Bunge(C C) / 1963, 1965-1968, 1973-1975, 1977-1980,
1982-1991, 1993-1996 / 1966, 1977, 1984, 1989
Shanghai / 31°12′N,
121°00′E,
5m / Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (F V) / 1981-1984, 1986-1996,
2004-2006 / 2004, 2005
Magnolia denudata Desr. (M D) / 1981-1996, 2003-2006
Nnanchang / 28°46′N,
115°50′E,
50m / Prunus persica Stockes. (P P) / 1983-1991, 2003-2006 / 1988
Cercis chinensis Bunge (C C) / 1964, 1965, 1983-1991,
2003-2006 / 2003, 2005
Michelia figo Spreng. (M F) / 1984, 1986-1991, 2003-2006 / 2004, 2006
Liriodendron chinense Sarg. (L C) / 1983-1991, 2003-2006 / 2005
Ganxian / 25°52′N,
115°00′E,
110m / Prunus persica Stockes. (P P) / 1978-1984, 1986-1990,
1992-1996 / 1980, 1988, 1992
Hohhot / 40°49′N,
111°41′E,
1063m / Forsythia suspensa Vahl (F S) / 1991-1996, 2003-2006 / 1993, 2005
Prunus davidiana Franch. (P D) / 1979-1996, 2003-2006
Luoyang / 34°40′N,
112°25′E,
155m / Forsythia suspensa Vahl (F S) / 1966, 1967, 1973, 1977-1996 / 1983, 1987-1989, 1992, 1993
Xi'an / 34°13′N,
108°58′E,
438m / Forsythia suspensa Vahl (F S) / 1979-1996, 2003-2006 / 1979, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1991, 2003, 2006
Cerasus tomentosa Thunb. (C T) / 1979-1988, 1990,1991, 1993-1996, 2003-2006 / 1984, 1991, 1993, 2003
Prunus triloba var. plena
(P T var. plena ) / 1964-1968, 1973-1988, 1990,1991, 1993-1996, 2003-2006 / 1982, 1990, 1991, 1994
Syringa oblata Lindl. (S O) / 1963-1968, 1973-1996, 2003-2006 / 1991
Wuhan / 30°38′N,
114°04′E,
30m / Magnolia denudata Desr. (M D) / 1963-1967, 1982-1986, 1988-1996, 2003-2006 / 1986
Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge (P B) / 1982-1986, 1988-1995,
2003-2006 / 1982
Renshou / 30°30′N,
106°38′E,
250m / Prunus salicina Lindl. (P S) / 1973-1977, 1979-1991, 1994 / 1988, 1990
Pyrus communis L. (P C) / 1973, 1975, 1979-1991,
1994 / 1988, 1990
Chongqing / 29°49′N,
106°20′E,
250m / Magnolia denudata Desr. (M D) / 1963-1967, 1973-1996, 2003-2006 / 1965, 2005
Magnolia liliflora Desr. (M L) / 1980-1996, 2005, 2006 / 2005
Changde / 28°40′N,
110°20′E,
43.9m / Paulownia fortunei Hemsl. (P F) / 1973-1981, 1983-1991
Changsha / 28°15′N,
112°50′E,
80m / Magnolia denudata Desr. (M D) / 1965,1973, 1974, 1983-1991, 2003-2006
Prunus persica Stockes. (P P) / 1963-1965, 1973,1974, 1983-1991, 2003-2006
Guiyang / 26°25′N,
106°40′E,
1095m / Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (F V) / 1979-1991, 1993-1995, 2003-2006 / 1979, 1982, 1985
Malus micromalus Makino (M M) / 1986-1991, 1993-1995, 2003-2006 / 1987
Paulownia fortunei Hemsl. (P F) / 1980-1991, 1993-1995, 2003-2006 / 1987, 2003, 2004
Guilin / 25°11′N,
110°12′E,
155m / Prunus persica Stockes. (P P) / 1964-1967, 1973-1991, 1993-1995, 2003-2006 / 1974
Prunus salicina Lindl. (P S) / 1964-1967, 1973-1991, 1993 / 1973, 1975, 1977
Liuzhou / 24°28′N,
109°23′E,
97.6m / Prunus persica Stockes. (P P) / 1964,1965, 1973-1991, 1993-1995 / 1977, 1981-1983, 1985-1988, 1990, 1991, 1993-1995

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Supporting Table 2 Statistics for First Bloom Dates (FBD) and Yearly Second Bloomd (YSB)

Sites / Species (abbreviation) / Mean FBD
~1989
(m-dd) / Mean FBD
1990~
(m-dd) / Significance level for FBD
1990~ vs 1989 / Frequency of SB
~1989 / Frequency of SB
1990~ / Significance level for Frequency of SB
1990~ vs 1989
Harbin / Rhododendron dauricum L. (R.D.) / 4-27 / 4-22 / 0.118 / 0/6 / 3/6 / 0.095
Prunus triloba Lindl.(P.T.) / 5-07 / 4-29 / 0.061
Syringa oblata var. alba (S.O.V) / 5-10 / 5-05 / 0.163
Mudanjiang / Rhododendron dauricum L. (R.D.) / 4-29 / 4-28 / 0.676
Prunus triloba var. truncata (P.T.V) / 5-04 / 5-03 / 0.776 / 1/11 / 0/6 / 0.847
Syringa oblata var. alba (S.O.V) / 6-08 / 6-09 / 0.667 / 1/12 / 1/7 / 0.849
Changchun / Syringa oblata Lindl. (S.O.) / 5-04 / 4-30 / 0.346 / 0/4 / 2/9 / 0.601
Shenyang / Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (F.V.) / 4-21 / 4-17 / 0.147 / 1/12 / 1/3 / 0.260
Syringa oblata Lindl. (S.O.) / 4-30 / 4-26 / 0.358
Beijing / Forsythia suspensa Vahl (F.S) / 4-03 / 3-27 / 0.016 / 4/18 / 3/5 / 0.135
Syringa oblata Lindl. (S.O.) / 4-13 / 4-09 / 0.038 / 0/23 / 1/11 / 0.299
Malus micromalus Makino(M.M.) / 4-17 / 4-13 / 0.025 / 1/26 / 2/13 / 0.260
Liaocheng / Paulownia fortuneii Hemsl. (P.F.) / 4-12 / 4-14 / 0.480 / 1/15 / 0/4 / 0.775
Yancheng / Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge(P.B.) / 4-02 / 3-28 / 0.020
Yangzhou / Prunus persica Stockes. (P.P.) / 3-30 / 3-28 / 0.568 / 1/17 / 0/5 / 0.795
Malus halliana Koehne (M.H.) / 4-04 / 4-01 / 0.392 / 2/9 / 1/5 / 0.994
Cercis chinensis Bunge(C.C.) / 4-05 / 4-06 / 0.684 / 4/20 / 0/6 / 0.475
Shanghai / Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (F.V.) / 3-17 / 3-09 / 0.091 / 0/8 / 2/10 / 0.333
Magnolia denudata Desr. (M.D.) / 3-16 / 3-12 / 0.172
Nanchang / Prunus persica Stockes. (P.P.) / 3-18 / 3-20 / 0.686 / 1/7 / 0/6 / 0.590
Cercis chinensis Bunge(C.C.) / 3-22 / 3-17 / 0.465 / 0/9 / 2/6 / 0.150
Michelia figo Spreng. (M.S.) / 4-08 / 4-06 / 0.769 / 0/5 / 2/6 / 0.295
Liriodendron chinense Sarg. (L.C.) / 4-22 / 4-12 / 0.214 / 0/7 / 1/6 / 0.445
Ganxian / Prunus persica Stockes. (P.P.) / 2-19 / 2-19 / 0.891 / 2/11 / 1/6 / 0.916
Hohhot / Prunus davidiana Franch.(P.D.) / 4-15 / 4-10 / 0.055
Forsythia suspensa Vahl (F.S.) / 4-13 / 2/11
Luoyang / Forsythia suspensa Vahl (F.S.) / 3-14 / 3-11 / 0.230 / 3/16 / 2/7 / 0.866
Xi'an / Forsythia suspensa Vahl (F.S.) / 3-20 / 3-17 / 0.243 / 6/11 / 3/11 / 0.220
Cerasus tomentosa Thunb. (C.T.) / 3-24 / 3-22 / 0.509 / 1/10 / 3/10 / 0.305
Prunus triloba var. plena (P.T.V) / 3-31 / 3-27 / 0.158 / 1/21 / 3/6 / 0.098
Syringa oblata Lindl. (S.O.) / 4-06 / 4-01 / 0.040 / 0/23 / 1/11 / 0.295
Wuhan / Magnolia denudata Desr. (M.D.) / 3-01 / 3-02 / 0.834 / 1/12 / 0/11 / 0.560
Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge (P.B.) / 3-27 / 3-26 / 0.937 / 1/7 / 0/10 / 0.375
Renshou / Prunus salicina Lindl. (P.S.) / 3-04 / 3-03 / 0.699 / 1/16 / 1/3 / 0.193
Pyrus communis L.(P.C.) / 3-09 / 3-08 / 0.870 / 1/13 / 1/3 / 0.247
Chongqing / Magnolia denudata Desr. (M.D.) / 3-03 / 3-04 / 0.692 / 1/22 / 1/11 / 0.545
Magnolia liliflora Desr. (M.L.) / 3-12 / 3-11 / 0.333 / 0/10 / 1/9 / 0.478
Changde / Paulownia fortunei Hemsl. (P.F.) / 3-26 / 4-05 / 0.215
Changsha / Magnolia denudata Desr. (M.D.) / 2-27 / 3-01 / 0.686
Prunus persica Stockes. (P.P.) / 3-20 / 3-19 / 0.703
Guiyang / Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (F.V.) / 2-22 / 2-13 / 0.200 / 3/11 / 0/9 / 0.160
Malus micromalus Makino (M.M.) / 3-07 / 3-12 / 0.543 / 1/4 / 0/9 / 0.247
Paulownia fortunei Hemsl. (P.F.) / 3-24 / 3-19 / 0.279 / 1/10 / 2/9 / 0.525
Guilin / Prunus persica Stockes. (P.P.) / 3-03 / 2-28 / 0.413 / 1/21 / 0/9 / 0.975
Prunus salicina Lindl. (P.S.) / 2-25 / 3-02 / 0.389 / 3/21 / 0/3 / 0.895
Liuzhou / Prunus persica Stockes. (P.P.) / 2-18 / 2-21 / 0.632 / 8/19 / 5/5 / 0.016

Supporting Fig. 1 The variation of the temperature of (a) growing season (the duration with daily temperature ≥10℃ steadly) and (b) annual mean temperature in China averagely during 1961-2000.

Year

Supporting Fig. 2 Autumn temperature anomalies for each observational phonological site with second bloom and their regional differences. Notes: NE: Northeast China; NC: North China and the east part of Northwest China; SE: Southeast China; SW: Southwest and South Central China; Average: the mean date of the whole studied area.

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