Supporting information
Global climate suitability of citrus huanglongbing and its vector, the Asian citrus psyllid, using two correlative species distribution modeling approaches, with emphasis on the USA
*Hossein A. Narouei-Khandan1, Susan E. Halbert2, Susan P. Worner3 and *Ariena H.C. van Bruggen 1
1Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
2 Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL, USA
3Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P O Box 85084, New Zealand
* +1 352 273 4647
*
Table S1. List of presence localities of target species, citrus huanglongbing caused by CLas, HLB (a) and Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP) (b) assorted by countries. This is not an exhaustive list of HLB and ACP occurrence. The references can be obtained upon request.
(a) HLB
Country / States or regionsArgentina / Andrecito
Bangladesh / Benapota, Chittagong, Comilla, Cox Bazar, Decca , Java , Jessore , Joydebpur, Habiganj, Madhupur , Mymensingh , Tangail, Thakurgaon, Tsirang
Barbados / Barbados
Belize / Cayo , Orange Walk , Stann Creek , Toledo
Bhutan / Punakha, Wangdue Phordang
Brazil / Adolfo , Aguaí, Águas de Sta Barbara , Altonia , Andradas , Avaré , Araras, Bebedouro , Bragança Paulista , Buri , Cambuquira , Campanha , Campos de Holambra, Casa Branca, Colina, Cornelio Procopio, Conchal, Cordeirópolis, Engenheiro Coelho, Frutal , Guaira , Guaxupé , Jarinu , Ibitinga , Itajobi , Itatiba, Itapolis, Londrina , Marapoana , Maringa , Mogi Guaçu , Mogi Mirim , Neves Paulista, Paraiso , Paranavai , Pirassununga , Pratânia , Rio Claro , Sta Maria da Serra , Taquarivai, Três Corações, Umuarama, Urupês
Cambodia / Battambang , Phnom Penh, Pursat
China / Fujian, Guangi , Guangdong , Guizhou , Hainan , Hong Kong , Hunan , Jiangxi , Kuangtung, Sichuan,Yunnan, Zhejiang
Comoros Islands / Comoros Islands
Cuba / Central Cuba, Eastern Cuba
Dominican / Imbert , Luperon , Puerto Plata
French islands / Le Lorrain, Le Moule
India / Andhra Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Bihar , Gujarat , Delhi , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, Indian Punjab , Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra , Manipur , Meghalaya , Orissa , Rajasthan, Sikkim , Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal,
Indonesia / Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra
Iran / Ghasre Ghand, Minab, Nikshahr, Roodan, Senderk
Jamaica / Bodles, St. Catherine,
Japan / Amami Island , Ishigaki , Naha, Kyushu , Okinawa, Ryukyu Island , Yonaguni-Shima , Yoron-Jima
Laos / Louang Prabang, Vientiane
Madagascar / Madagascar
Malaysia / Cameron Highland , Kalaw , Peninsular Malaysia
Mexico / Tecoman, Colima, Queretaro
Myanmar / Aungban , Inle, Pegu, Momeik , Myitngde, Pindaya
Nepal / Pokhara , Shankuthree, Sindhuli
Pakistan / Faisalabad, Gujranwala , Sargodha
Papua New guinea / Timor-Leste, Vanimo
Philippines / Davao
Puerto Rico / Castañer, Corozal, Juana Diaz , Isabela , Yahuecas
Réunion / Réunion
Sri Lanka / Uva
Vietnam / Hanoi
Table S1. Continued
(b) ACP
Country / States or regionsArgentina / Aguas Blancas , Arroyo Colorado, Caimancito , Calliegua, Colonia Santa Rosa , Concordia, Coronel Mollinedo , Corrientes , El Colorado, El Remate, El Piquete, Embaracacio , Federacion, Fraile Pintado, General Pizarro , Gral Mosconi , Gral San Martin, Guemes , Hipolito Yrigoyen, Ide Mayo, Libertador General San Martin, Las Lomitas, Las Varas , Los Toros, Monasterio , Montecarlo, Palma Sola, Palpala, Pichanal, San Fernando, San Roman del la Nueva Oran , San Salvador de Jujuy, Santa Clara, Tres Isletas, Tres Lagunas, Urundel , Yuchan, Yuto
American Samoa
Antigua and Barbuda / St. Johnes
Bahamas / Abaco Island, Grand Bahama Island
Barbados
Belize
Bhutan / Punakha valley, Wangdue
Brazil / Amazonas, Araraquara, Bahia, Barretos, Bauru, Botucatu, Ceara, Franca, Jaú, Itapetininga, Limeira, Lins, Para, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São João da Boa Vista, Sao Paulo
Cambodia
Cayman Island
China / Aomen Bandao, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xianggang, Yunnan, Zhejiang
Colombia / Antioquia , Atlántico, Cauca, Caldas, Cesar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Meta, Norte de Santander, Risaralda, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Quindío, Valle del Cauca
Comoros Islands / West Bay, Grand Cayman
Costa Rica
Cuba / Bayamo, Granma, Hernández; Guanabo, La Habana, Playa, Vázquez, Villa Clara
Dominica / Roseau
Dominican Republic / Blanco Arriba , Ciudad de los Millones , Ensanche Quisqueya, Ensanche Ozama , Engombe, Ensanche Miraflores , Jimaní, Juan Pablo Duarte, Herrera, Luperón, Monte Plata, Palmita de los Botados, Puerto Plat, San Cristobal, Independencia, Santo Domingo Oeste, Urbanización Las Praderas, Yamasá, Zona Industrial
East Timor / Suai
French islands / Le Lorrain, Le Moule
Guam / Barrigada
Haiti / La Source
India / Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal,
Indonesia / Java, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Sumatra
Iran / Hormozgan, Nikshar, Qasr-e-Qand, Roodan
Jamaica / Bodles
Japan / Amami Island, Ishigaki, Kyushu, Naha, Ryukyu Island, Yonaguni-Shima, Yoron-Jima
Laos / Louang Prabang, Vientiane
Leeward Island / Guadeloupe
Madagascar
Malaysia / Dungan, Lojing Highland , Marang, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Serdang
Maldive / Pusa
Marina Island / North parts
Mexico / Cancún, Colima, Tecoman, Tijuana, Tizimin Yucatan, Queretaro
Myanmar / Aungban, Inle, Kalaw, Momeik, Myitngde, Pegu , Pindaya
Nepal / Bhakimli, Lohi, Malepatan, Nandipur, Tanahun
Oman / Al-Batinah, Al-Dakhliyah
Pakistan / Rabaat, RioChinar, Sargodha, Swat valley
Papua New Guinea / Yanimo
Philippines / Bicol region, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro
Puerto Rico / Isabela, Río Piedras, San Juan
Saudi Arabia / Al-Khurmah, Al-Ta'lf, Bishah, Brehim/Khaybar, Khulays, Turabah, Usfan, Wadi Nahman, Zaman
Singapore / Singapore
Sri Lanka / Uva
Taiwan / Changhua, Kaohosiung
Thailand / Chiang Mai
Uruguay / Salto Region
Venezuela / Peninsula de Paraguana
Vietnam / Hanoi
Virgin Islands / Sainte Croix, Sprengel, St. Thomas
Yemen / North borders
Table S2. List of bioclimatic environmental variables used in this study, obtained from the Worldclim website (www.worldclim.org). The variables were derived from long–term monthly temperature and precipitation (1950-2000) (Hijmans et al., 2005).
Bioclimatic variable / Description / DimensionCbio01 / Annual mean temperature / °C
Cbio02 / Mean diurnal range (mean of monthly maxtemp – mintemp) / °C
Cbio03 / Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (* 100) / -
Cbio04 / Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation *100) / °C
Cbio05 / Max Temperature of Warmest Month / °C
Cbio06 / Min Temperature of Coldest Month / °C
Cbio07 / Temperature Annual Range (BIO5-BIO6) / °C
Cbio08 / Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter / °C
Cbio09 / Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter / °C
Cbio10 / Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter / °C
Cbio11 / Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter / °C
Cbio12 / Annual Precipitation / mm/yr
Cbio13 / Precipitation of Wettest Month / mm/mo
Cbio14 / Precipitation of Driest Month / mm/mo
Cbio15 / Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation) / -
Cbio16 / Precipitation of Wettest Quarter / mm/3mo
Cbio17 / Precipitation of Driest Quarter / mm/3mo
Cbio18 / Precipitation of Warmest Quarter / mm/3mo
Cbio19 / Precipitation of Coldest Quarter / mm/3mo
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Table S3. Performance criteria and model ranking calculated in the Multi-Model Framework for the global distribution of citrus huanglongbing caused by CLas, HLB (a) and Asian Citrus Psyllid, ACP (b) by two methods of evaluation (bootstrap and cross-validation). In both cases SVM was selected as the best model.
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Table S3 (continued).
a Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-nearest Neighbor (KNN), artificial Neural Networks (NNET), Classification and regression Trees (CART), Conditional Trees (CTREE), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), Naıve Bayes (NB), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Logistic Regression (LOG) b r=Ranking of performance criteria
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Figure Legends:
Fig. S1. Relative contributions of each of 11 environmental variables, selected in the random forest procedure, to the training gain for predictions of citrus huanglongbing (HLB) distribution by the MaxEnt model using the Jackknife test.
Fig. S2. Response curves of Asian Citrus psyllid (ACP) and citrus huanglongbing (HLB) to variable Bio-12, annual precipitation (mm), as provided by the Worldclim website, based on predictions made by the MaxEnt model for ACP and HLB.
Fig. S3. Enlarged maps of potential habitat suitability of citrus huanglongbing, HLB, in the USA predicted by the MaxEnt (a) and SVM (b) models.
Fig. S4. Relative contributions of each of 10 environmental variables, selected in the random forest procedure, to the training gain for predictions of Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP) distribution by the MaxEnt model using the Jackknife test.
Fig. S5. Enlarged maps of potential habitat suitability of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, ACP, in the USA predicted by the MaxEnt (a) and SVM (b) models.
Fig. S6. Global potential distribution of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, ACP, by MaxEnt (a) and the Support Vector Machine, SVM (b) models when USA presence data were included in the model calibrations.Fig.
S7. Enlarged maps of potential habitat suitability of the Asian citrus psyllid, ACP, in the USA predicted by the MaxEnt (a) and SVM (b) models when USA presence data were included in the model calibrations.
Fig. S8. Enlarged maps of the consensus model of either one or both models (MaxEnt and SVM) showing hot spots of potential citrus huanglongbing, HLB, and the Asian Citrus Psyllid, ACP, establishment in the USA.
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