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Marine Biology

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Regional genetic structure and genetic founder effects in the invasive lionfish: comparing the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and North Atlantic

John Johnson1*, Christopher E. Bird1, Michelle A. Johnston2, Alexander Q. Fogg3†, J. Derek Hogan1

* Corresponding author email:

Online Resources Tables representing 1) site name and location for collections in the Gulf of Mexico, 2) mitochondrial haplotype diversity across three biogeographic regions, and 3) Pairwise ϕST estimates (below diagonal) and Exact tests (p-values) for differences in haplotype frequencies.

Online Resource 1 Names and location information for collection sites in the GoM. The sites were pooled into regional samples (Region) for broad spatial analyses.

Site Name / Habitat / Region / Location (DD.mm) / Depth (m)
West Flower Garden Bank / Reef / TX / 27.83, -93.83
East Flower Garden Bank / Reef / TX / 27.92, -93.71
Stetson Bank / Reef / TX / 28.15, -94.28
VK-385 / Oil Production Platform / MIS / 29.59, -88.04 / 44.2
Pyramid 3267 / Concrete Tetrahedron / MIS / 29.95, -87.44 / 32.0
Adm. Fetterman / Reef Ball / NFG / 30.08, -87.20 / 27.4
Pensacola / Unknown / NFG / Unknown / Unknown
Gulfstream Pipeline / Exposed Pipeline / NFG / 28.08, -84.36 / 34.1
Secret Ledge / Low Relief Natural Ledge / SFG / 27.40, -83.30 / 30.5
Treasure Island Reef #2 / Concrete Culverts / SFG / 27.70, -83.28 / 30.5
St Pete / Unknown / SFG / Unknown / 2.0

Online Resource 2 Mitochondrial d-loop haplotype diversity for invasive red lionfish at 18 locations across three biogeographic regions.

Region/Location / n / hap / H01 / H02 / H03 / H04 / H05 / H06 / H07 / H08 / H09
North Atlantic / 459 / 9 / 194 / 172 / 24 / 19 / 14 / 19 / 15 / 1 / 1
Bahamas / 150 / 8 / 74 / 53 / 8 / 4 / 5 / 1 / 4 / 1 / 0
NC / 264 / 8 / 102 / 98 / 15 / 15 / 9 / 14 / 10 / 0 / 1
Bermuda / 45 / 5 / 18 / 21 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 4 / 1 / 0 / 0
Caribbean / 601 / 4 / 159 / 405 / 3 / 34 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Belize / 59 / 3 / 17 / 39 / 0 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Bonaire / 21 / 2 / 4 / 17 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Caymans / 79 / 4 / 21 / 56 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Cuba / 24 / 3 / 5 / 18 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Honduras / 15 / 3 / 5 / 8 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Jamaica / 37 / 3 / 7 / 28 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Panama / 51 / 2 / 16 / 30 / 1 / 5 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Puerto Rico / 138 / 4 / 39 / 95 / 1 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
San Andreas / 47 / 3 / 18 / 26 / 0 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Santa Marta / 166 / 3 / 42 / 106 / 0 / 18 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
USVI / 10 / 3 / 1 / 8 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Gulf of Mexico / 188 / 3 / 52 / 113 / 0 / 23 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Florida N Gulf / 58 / 3 / 17 / 34 / 0 / 7 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Florida S Gulf / 61 / 3 / 10 / 44 / 0 / 7 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Mississippi / 24 / 3 / 10 / 10 / 0 / 4 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Texas / 45 / 3 / 15 / 25 / 0 / 5 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Total / 1294 / 9 / 421 / 716 / 27 / 81 / 14 / 19 / 15 / 1 / 1

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Online Resource 3 Pairwise ϕST estimates (below diagonal) and Exact tests (p-values) for differences in haplotype frequencies (above diagonal) among locations in the North Atlantic, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico regions. Borders identify the pairwise comparisons within regions. Grey cells indicate values for which p < 0.0072, where FDR was controlled at 0.05. Table includes locations from the current study (GoM only) and previous studies (Freshwater et al. 2009; Betancur et al. 2011; Toledo-Hernández et al. 2014; Butterfield et al. 2015).

BAH / NC / BER / BEL / BON / CAY / CUB / HON / JAM / PAN / PR / SA / SM / USVI / NFG / SFG / MIS / TEX
BAH / 0.09 / 0.07 / 0.00 / 0.03 / 0.00 / 0.03 / 0.35 / 0.00 / 0.12 / 0.00 / 0.10 / 0.00 / 0.08 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.20 / 0.02
NC / 0.18 / 0.46 / 0.00 / 0.07 / 0.00 / 0.09 / 0.72 / 0.00 / 0.27 / 0.00 / 0.12 / 0.00 / 0.26 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.44 / 0.07
BER / 0.11 / 0.27 / 0.01 / 0.08 / 0.00 / 0.06 / 0.20 / 0.01 / 0.13 / 0.00 / 0.05 / 0.00 / 0.10 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.04 / 0.02
BEL / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.07 / 0.43 / 0.50 / 0.82 / 0.40 / 0.54 / 0.09 / 0.69 / 0.55 / 0.46 / 0.32 / 0.39 / 0.19 / 0.07 / 0.39
BON / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.30 / 0.74 / 1.00 / 0.08 / 0.87 / 0.21 / 0.68 / 0.11 / 0.22 / 0.52 / 0.11 / 0.34 / 0.01 / 0.10
CAY / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.59 / 0.44 / 0.61 / 0.09 / 0.42 / 0.14 / 0.98 / 0.09 / 0.01 / 0.24 / 0.03 / 0.03 / 0.00 / 0.04
CUB / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.04 / 0.67 / 0.73 / 0.73 / 0.34 / 1.00 / 0.21 / 0.57 / 0.31 / 0.59 / 0.66 / 0.42 / 0.57 / 0.08 / 0.35
HON / 0.20 / 0.46 / 0.35 / 0.36 / 0.11 / 0.15 / 0.27 / 0.23 / 0.16 / 0.13 / 0.73 / 0.65 / 0.50 / 0.92 / 0.24 / 0.91 / 1.00
JAM / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.01 / 0.43 / 0.76 / 0.53 / 1.00 / 0.21 / 0.18 / 0.42 / 0.14 / 0.44 / 0.70 / 0.29 / 0.65 / 0.02 / 0.17
PAN / 0.04 / 0.12 / 0.13 / 0.34 / 0.64 / 0.37 / 0.69 / 0.27 / 0.70 / 0.05 / 0.07 / 0.04 / 0.73 / 0.05 / 0.11 / 0.06 / 0.05
PR / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.76 / 0.34 / 0.92 / 0.59 / 0.17 / 0.37 / 0.37 / 0.18 / 0.01 / 0.22 / 0.03 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.04
SA / 0.04 / 0.10 / 0.37 / 0.39 / 0.07 / 0.08 / 0.16 / 0.81 / 0.07 / 0.19 / 0.12 / 0.21 / 0.22 / 0.47 / 0.04 / 0.28 / 0.75
SM / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.02 / 0.52 / 0.13 / 0.08 / 0.42 / 0.72 / 0.26 / 0.30 / 0.06 / 0.24 / 0.61 / 0.78 / 0.39 / 0.10 / 0.52
USVI / 0.01 / 0.02 / 0.05 / 0.39 / 0.75 / 0.33 / 1.00 / 0.31 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 0.35 / 0.19 / 0.58 / 0.42 / 1.00 / 0.12 / 0.33
NFG / 0.00 / 0.01 / 0.08 / 0.39 / 0.07 / 0.06 / 0.26 / 0.92 / 0.15 / 0.22 / 0.07 / 0.57 / 0.73 / 0.38 / 0.24 / 0.38 / 0.96
SFG / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.28 / 0.28 / 0.13 / 0.62 / 0.34 / 0.65 / 0.49 / 0.08 / 0.06 / 0.37 / 0.87 / 0.23 / 0.03 / 0.11
MIS / 0.19 / 0.40 / 0.13 / 0.05 / 0.01 / 0.00 / 0.03 / 0.83 / 0.01 / 0.09 / 0.01 / 0.32 / 0.07 / 0.09 / 0.35 / 0.02 / 0.53
TEX / 0.02 / 0.07 / 0.20 / 0.37 / 0.05 / 0.06 / 0.17 / 1.00 / 0.11 / 0.21 / 0.08 / 0.78 / 0.50 / 0.32 / 0.96 / 0.12 / 0.50

REFERENCES

Betancur-R, R., Hines, A., Acero P, A., Ortí, G., Wilbur, A.E. & Freshwater, D.W. (2011) Reconstructing the lionfish invasion: insights into Greater Caribbean biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 38, 1281-1293.

Butterfield, J.S.S., Díaz-Ferguson, E., Silliman, B.R., Saunders, J.W., Buddo, D., Mignucci-Giannoni, A.A., Searle, L., Allen, A.C. & Hunter, M.E. (2015) Wide-ranging phylogeographic structure of invasive red lionfish in the Western Atlantic and Greater Caribbean. Marine Biology, 162, 773-781.

Freshwater, W.D., Hines, A., Parham, S., Wilbur, A., Sabaoun, M., Woodhead, J., Akins, L., Purdy, B., Whitfield, P.E. & Paris, C.B. (2009) Mitochondrial control region sequence analyses indicate dispersal from the US East Coast as the source of the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans in the Bahamas. Marine Biology, 156, 1213-1221.

Toledo-Hernández, C. (2014) Population ecology and genetics of the invasive lionfish in Puerto Rico. Aquatic Invasions, 9, 227-237.

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