Supplementary material:

Supplementary Table S1. Individual subjects characteristics

Subject / Gender / Fasting glucose1 (mM) / Fasting insulin1 (pM) / HOMA
Index2 / QUICKI
Index3
1 / female / 4.41 0.02 / 33.24  1.76 / 1.09 / 0.38
2 / male / 4.530.24 / 24.14  4.05 / 0.81 / 0.40
3 / female / 3.970.20 / 30.36  4.21 / 0.89 / 0.39
4 / female / 3.930.14 / 23.28  2.84 / 0.68 / 0.41
5 / female / 3.910.01 / 23.50  7.03 / 0.68 / 0.41
6 / female / 4.420.38 / 29.30  3.26 / 0.97 / 0.39
7 / male / 4.400.03 / 22.99  1.89 / 0.75 / 0.40
8 / female / 4.000.13 / 18.99  4.31 / 0.56 / 0.43
9 / male / 4.130.24 / 31.71  5.57 / 0.98 / 0.39
10 / male / 4.220.00 / 53.09  6.89 / 1.66 / 0.35
11 / male / 3.94 0.39 / 25.40  10.41 / 0.76 / 0.41
12 / male / 4.35 0.06 / 28.92  3.25 / 1.02 / 0.38
13 / male / 4.17 0.44 / 23.91  11.12 / 0.72 / 0.41
14 / female / 4.26 0.36 / 42.90  10.81 / 1.34 / 0.37
15 / female / 4.24 0.24 / 35.17  8.57 / 1.11 / 0.38

1Mean  SD of the two repeated measurements after an overnight fast.

2HOMA index calculated as (G0 I0)/22.5 with fasting glucose (G0) expressed as mmol/l and fasting insulin (I0) as µU/ml

3QUICKI index calculated as 1/[log(I0) + log(G0)] with fasting glucose (G0) as mg/dl and fasting insulin (I0) as µU/ml

Supplementary Table S2. Composition of the glucose and protein-hydrolysate test drink

Metabolite / mmol
Alanine / 11.20
Arginine / 5.84
Asaparagine / 14.97
Cysteine / 0.41
Glutamine / 36.96
Glycine / 8.15
Histidine / 5.38
Isoleucine / 11.04
Leucine / 21.59
Lysine / 14.50
Methionine / 5.47
Phenyalanine / 8.53
Proline / 29.21
Serine / 16.20
Threonine / 10.56
Tryptophane / 1.42
Tyrosine / 8.43
Valine / 15.66
Glucose / 1388.89

Supplementary Table S3. Overnight fasting values

Metabolite / Mean  SD / Range / p-value subject variability
Glucose (mM) / 4.19  0.27 / 3.67 – 4.70 / n.s.
Insulin (pM) / 29.79  9.86 / 15.94 – 57.96 / 0.0183
GLP-1 (pM) / 14.23  4.74 / 8 – 27 / 0.0441
Non esterified-fatty acids (mM) / 0.60  0.31 / 0.16 – 1.76 / n.s.
3-hydroxybutyrate (mM) / 0.14  0.14 / 0.06 – 0.64 / n.s.
Glycerol (mM) / 0.10  0.04 / 0.03 – 0.18 / n.s.
Lacate (mM) / 1.42  0.26 / 0.89 – 1.89 / n.s.
Ammonia (µM) / 159.76  85.38 / 35.30 – 424.1 / 0.0189
Urea (mM) / 4.61  1.22 / 2.93 – 7.94 / <0.0001
Alanine (µM) / 373.47  97.74 / 215.80 – 591.10 / n.s.
Arginine (µM) / 93.35  18.26 / 59.30 – 147.60 / n.s.
Asparagine (µM) / 91.33 12.20 / 71.50 – 116.30 / 0.0491
Aspartate (µM) / 18.90  4.40 / 13.10 – 29.40 / 0.0032
Citulline (µM) / 32.89  9.32 / 13.60 – 61.10 / 0.0007
Cysteine (µM) / 46.49  9.13 / 31.50 – 73.10 / 0.0064
Glutamate (µM) / 52.73  20.46 / 24.30 – 109 / 0.0042
Glutamine (µM) / 962.14  302.79 / 304.50 – 1650.40 / 0.0222
Glycine (µM) / 275.60  102.56 / 168.80 – 493.80 / 0.0011
Histidine (µM) / 81.15  10.02 / 63.50 – 117.50 / 0.0586
Isoleucine (µM) / 60.37  12.39 / 40.80 – 86 / 0.0222
Leucine (µM) / 126.41  27.61 / 80.50 – 191.30 / 0.0060
Lysine (µM) / 191.08  47.35 / 115.60 – 325.60 / 0.0035
Methionine (µM) / 28.63  7.58 / 19.80 – 49.20 / 0.0477
3-methylhistidine (µM) / 56.47  42.09 / 30.90 – 215.20 / < 0.0001
Ornithine (µM) / 72.21  28.41 / 25.70 – 159.50 / 0.0025
Phenylalanine (µM) / 64.32  10.57 / 44.30 – 97.50 / 0.0183
Proline (µM) / 204.30  72.14 / 110.90 – 382.30 / 0.0025
Serine (µM) / 119.93  29.87 / 65.90 – 193.70 / 0.0007
Taurine (µM) / 121.09  30.42 / 65.60 – 206.80 / 0.0007
Threonine (µM) / 133.40  28.20 / 91.50 – 185.20 / n.s.
Tyrosine (µM) / 63.54  12.81 / 44.70 – 96.00 / 0.0014
Valine (µM) / 243.30  55.40 / 168.20 – 378.10 / 0.0025

n.s.: not statistically significant, adjusted p-value  0.05

Supplementary Table S4. Calculated parameters

Variable / Treatment1 / Parameter2 / Mean / SD / MIN / MAX
3-methylhistidine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 7856.43 / 5778.44 / 4367.25 / 28228.50
Alanine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 54538.48 / 12095.56 / 31746.00 / 79256.25
Ammonia / OGTT / AUC120 / 18756.01 / 7414.95 / 10091.25 / 32781.00
Ammonia / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 21157.96 / 13051.17 / 5034.00 / 54402.75
Arginine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 13709.82 / 2700.47 / 9933.75 / 18508.50
Asparagine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 14568.81 / 1662.19 / 11928.00 / 18612.75
Aspartate / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 2271.27 / 455.49 / 1686.33 / 3380.25
Citrulline / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 3760.39 / 985.62 / 1869.75 / 6239.25
Cysteine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 5407.37 / 1018.30 / 3728.25 / 7773.00
GLP-1 / OGTT / AUC120 / 2205.50 / 604.75 / 1425.00 / 3135.00
GLP-1 / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 2453.50 / 797.89 / 1447.50 / 4417.50
Glucose / OGTT / AUC120 / 575.90 / 113.64 / 397.71 / 840.97
Glucose / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 548.05 / 90.13 / 428.83 / 775.78
Glutamate / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 6972.28 / 3180.95 / 3005.25 / 14184.75
Glutamine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 129508.29 / 42390.56 / 51290.25 / 209218.50
Glycerol / OGTT / AUC120 / 6.65 / 1.69 / 3.48 / 9.66
Glycerol / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 8.69 / 3.28 / 4.40 / 16.97
Glycine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 34276.88 / 12474.95 / 20194.50 / 58644.00
Histidine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 11909.44 / 1575.64 / 9739.50 / 16099.50
Insulin / OGTT / AUC120 / 15781.41 / 9020.80 / 6066.90 / 45335.41
Insulin / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 19729.63 / 9326.31 / 5800.38 / 49810.10
Isoleucine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 12458.47 / 2713.59 / 8323.50 / 16938.75
Lactate / OGTT / AUC120 / 186.79 / 36.09 / 140.72 / 252.31
Lactate / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 182.13 / 29.51 / 134.92 / 233.66
Leucine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 24909.86 / 5403.97 / 16779.00 / 34105.50
Lysine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 32782.52 / 7007.26 / 25428.75 / 51195.00
Methionine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 5227.76 / 1224.98 / 3953.39 / 7713.00
Ornithine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 9945.49 / 3694.44 / 4107.00 / 18639.75
Phenylalanine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 10324.21 / 1541.67 / 8718.00 / 14038.50
Proline / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 35501.89 / 8000.87 / 21807.59 / 47869.50
Serine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 17378.55 / 3683.27 / 11721.75 / 24805.50
Taurine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 13449.14 / 4199.92 / 7271.25 / 24807.00
Threonine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 20327.89 / 3656.12 / 14232.75 / 26521.50
Tyrosine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 11296.56 / 2187.71 / 8427.97 / 16089.00
Urea / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 564.11 / 151.14 / 389.47 / 860.55
Valine / OGTT+PL / AUC120 / 41683.24 / 8741.93 / 30518.09 / 58267.50
3-methylhistidine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.24 / 0.10 / 1.10 / 1.52
Alanine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.37 / 0.16 / 1.08 / 1.77
Ammonia / OGTT / FC max / 1.17 / 0.29 / 1.00 / 2.13
Ammonia / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.23 / 0.23 / 1.00 / 2.00
Arginine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.38 / 0.15 / 1.16 / 1.74
Asparagine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.45 / 0.14 / 1.20 / 1.70
Aspartate / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.18 / 0.16 / 1.03 / 1.60
Citrulline / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.19 / 0.28 / 1.00 / 2.13
Cysteine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.06 / 0.06 / 1.00 / 1.18
GLP-1 / OGTT / FC max / 1.74 / 0.49 / 1.00 / 2.70
GLP-1 / OGTT+PL / FC max / 2.48 / 1.76 / 1.33 / 8.44
Glucose / OGTT / FC max / 1.55 / 0.27 / 1.18 / 2.05
Glucose / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.39 / 0.23 / 1.16 / 2.11
Glutamate / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.31 / 0.24 / 1.07 / 2.05
Glutamine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.23 / 0.15 / 1.00 / 1.56
Glycine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.12 / 0.08 / 1.03 / 1.27
Histidine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.30 / 0.07 / 1.12 / 1.38
Insulin / OGTT / FC max / 7.05 / 2.80 / 3.02 / 13.90
Insulin / OGTT+PL / FC max / 10.19 / 3.93 / 5.32 / 20.74
Isoleucine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.98 / 0.29 / 1.52 / 2.47
Lactate / OGTT / FC max / 1.33 / 0.24 / 1.04 / 1.86
Lactate / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.35 / 0.24 / 1.00 / 1.79
Leucine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.84 / 0.27 / 1.40 / 2.26
Lysine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.61 / 0.16 / 1.42 / 1.86
Methionine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.76 / 0.18 / 1.43 / 2.06
Ornithine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.33 / 0.14 / 1.13 / 1.53
Phenylalanine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.46 / 0.13 / 1.14 / 1.64
Proline / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.84 / 0.24 / 1.45 / 2.25
Serine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.33 / 0.15 / 1.12 / 1.59
Taurine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.07 / 0.07 / 1.00 / 1.17
Threonine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.40 / 0.14 / 1.13 / 1.63
Tyrosine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.74 / 0.19 / 1.37 / 2.13
Urea / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.19 / 0.17 / 1.02 / 1.62
Valine / OGTT+PL / FC max / 1.58 / 0.18 / 1.29 / 1.85
3-Hydroxybutyrate / OGTT / FC min / 0.52 / 0.22 / 0.07 / 0.85
3-Hydroxybutyrate / OGTT+PL / FC min / 0.44 / 0.19 / 0.20 / 0.84
3-methylhistidine / OGTT / FC min / 0.78 / 0.09 / 0.64 / 1.00
Alanine / OGTT / FC min / 0.92 / 0.06 / 0.83 / 1.00
Arginine / OGTT / FC min / 0.80 / 0.06 / 0.71 / 0.91
Asparagine / OGTT / FC min / 0.83 / 0.08 / 0.69 / 0.95
Aspartate / OGTT / FC min / 0.72 / 0.07 / 0.58 / 0.85
Citrulline / OGTT / FC min / 0.59 / 0.06 / 0.50 / 0.69
Cysteine / OGTT / FC min / 0.88 / 0.08 / 0.73 / 0.98
Glutamate / OGTT / FC min / 0.85 / 0.12 / 0.67 / 1.00
Glutamine / OGTT / FC min / 0.86 / 0.11 / 0.62 / 1.00
Glycerol / OGTT / FC min / 0.44 / 0.28 / 0.13 / 1.00
Glycerol / OGTT+PL / FC min / 0.40 / 0.21 / 0.07 / 0.77
Glycine / OGTT / FC min / 0.89 / 0.06 / 0.78 / 0.99
Histidine / OGTT / FC min / 0.89 / 0.05 / 0.80 / 0.99
Isoleucine / OGTT / FC min / 0.56 / 0.09 / 0.44 / 0.71
Leucine / OGTT / FC min / 0.63 / 0.06 / 0.53 / 0.71
Lysine / OGTT / FC min / 0.87 / 0.07 / 0.75 / 0.99
Methionine / OGTT / FC min / 0.68 / 0.07 / 0.55 / 0.82
NEFA / OGTT / FC min / 0.20 / 0.12 / 0.04 / 0.45
NEFA / OGTT+PL / FC min / 0.14 / 0.06 / 0.05 / 0.29
Ornithine / OGTT / FC min / 0.69 / 0.07 / 0.53 / 0.79
Phenylalanine / OGTT / FC min / 0.76 / 0.06 / 0.67 / 0.87
Proline / OGTT / FC min / 0.81 / 0.07 / 0.66 / 0.91
Serine / OGTT / FC min / 0.78 / 0.08 / 0.61 / 0.93
Taurine / OGTT / FC min / 0.63 / 0.12 / 0.39 / 0.84
Threonine / OGTT / FC min / 0.81 / 0.06 / 0.70 / 0.93
Tyrosine / OGTT / FC min / 0.68 / 0.06 / 0.53 / 0.76
Urea / OGTT / FC min / 0.87 / 0.09 / 0.64 / 0.96
Valine / OGTT / FC min / 0.76 / 0.04 / 0.67 / 0.85
3-Hydroxybutyrate / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.56 / 0.31 / 0.01 / 0.95
3-Hydroxybutyrate / OGTT+PL / rsquare120 / 0.71 / 0.26 / 0.02 / 0.96
3-methylhistidine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.76 / 0.20 / 0.30 / 0.96
Alanine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.37 / 0.29 / 0.04 / 0.91
Arginine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.64 / 0.27 / 0.00 / 0.90
Asparagine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.54 / 0.32 / 0.00 / 0.97
Aspartate / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.34 / 0.23 / 0.05 / 0.71
Citrulline / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.79 / 0.15 / 0.48 / 0.97
Cysteine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.38 / 0.29 / 0.03 / 0.89
Glutamate / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.22 / 0.24 / 0.01 / 0.86
Glutamine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.53 / 0.28 / 0.10 / 0.91
Glycerol / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.46 / 0.26 / 0.04 / 0.84
Glycerol / OGTT+PL / rsquare120 / 0.41 / 0.28 / 0.00 / 0.91
Glycine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.41 / 0.29 / 0.04 / 0.94
Histidine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.57 / 0.28 / 0.00 / 0.90
Isoleucine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.89 / 0.09 / 0.73 / 0.99
Leucine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.89 / 0.09 / 0.65 / 0.98
Lysine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.54 / 0.31 / 0.02 / 0.98
Methionine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.60 / 0.39 / 0.01 / 1.00
NEFA / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.77 / 0.26 / 0.13 / 0.98
NEFA / OGTT+PL / rsquare120 / 0.85 / 0.08 / 0.67 / 0.97
Ornithine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.42 / 0.30 / 0.03 / 0.87
Phenylalanine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.77 / 0.16 / 0.51 / 0.96
Proline / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.52 / 0.30 / 0.02 / 0.94
Serine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.67 / 0.22 / 0.18 / 0.92
Taurine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.15 / 0.12 / 0.00 / 0.35
Threonine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.74 / 0.22 / 0.19 / 0.95
Tyrosine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.87 / 0.09 / 0.73 / 0.99
Urea / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.42 / 0.32 / 0.00 / 0.95
Valine / OGTT / rsquare120 / 0.82 / 0.16 / 0.50 / 0.98
Ammonia / OGTT / rsquare30 / 0.58 / 0.29 / 0.03 / 1.00
Ammonia / OGTT+PL / rsquare30 / 0.64 / 0.35 / 0.01 / 1.00
GLP-1 / OGTT / rsquare30 / 0.64 / 0.36 / 0.00 / 1.00
GLP-1 / OGTT+PL / rsquare30 / 0.62 / 0.32 / 0.08 / 1.00
Glucose / OGTT / rsquare30 / 0.78 / 0.30 / 0.09 / 1.00
Glucose / OGTT+PL / rsquare30 / 0.70 / 0.34 / 0.08 / 1.00
Insulin / OGTT / rsquare30 / 0.88 / 0.11 / 0.63 / 1.00
Insulin / OGTT+PL / rsquare30 / 0.79 / 0.29 / 0.15 / 1.00
Lactate / OGTT / rsquare30 / 0.43 / 0.26 / 0.01 / 0.96
Lactate / OGTT+PL / rsquare30 / 0.40 / 0.39 / 0.00 / 0.98
GLP-1 / OGTT / rsquare30/120 / 0.38 / 0.34 / 0.03 / 0.91
GLP-1 / OGTT+PL / rsquare30/120 / 0.31 / 0.30 / 0.00 / 0.94
Glucose / OGTT / rsquare30/120 / 0.65 / 0.31 / 0.09 / 0.97
Glucose / OGTT+PL / rsquare30/120 / 0.55 / 0.36 / 0.00 / 0.97
Insulin / OGTT / rsquare30/120 / 0.64 / 0.25 / 0.19 / 0.96
Insulin / OGTT+PL / rsquare30/120 / 0.55 / 0.35 / 0.01 / 0.97
3-Hydroxybutyrate / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0056 / 0.0062 / -0.0235 / 0.0014
3-Hydroxybutyrate / OGTT+PL / slope120 / -0.0065 / 0.0042 / -0.0138 / 0.0003
3-methylhistidine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0020 / 0.0009 / -0.0039 / 0.0005
Alanine / OGTT / slope120 / 0.0003 / 0.0008 / -0.0008 / 0.0017
Arginine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0019 / 0.0007 / -0.0027 / 0.0000
Asparagine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0014 / 0.0008 / -0.0028 / -0.0001
Aspartate / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0007 / 0.0014 / -0.0021 / 0.0022
Citrulline / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0040 / 0.0009 / -0.0053 / -0.0025
Cysteine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0009 / 0.0006 / -0.0020 / 0.0001
Glutamate / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0006 / 0.0012 / -0.0024 / 0.0009
Glutamine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0007 / 0.0033 / -0.0055 / 0.0099
Glycerol / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0055 / 0.0045 / -0.0117 / 0.0030
Glycerol / OGTT+PL / slope120 / -0.0047 / 0.0034 / -0.0110 / 0.0003
Glycine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0007 / 0.0006 / -0.0018 / 0.0005
Histidine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0010 / 0.0006 / -0.0018 / 0.0002
Isoleucine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0049 / 0.0013 / -0.0072 / -0.0028
Leucine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0040 / 0.0010 / -0.0057 / -0.0022
Lysine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0011 / 0.0007 / -0.0025 / 0.0001
Methionine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0025 / 0.0015 / -0.0055 / -0.0004
NEFA / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0149 / 0.0065 / -0.0271 / -0.0037
NEFA / OGTT+PL / slope120 / -0.0167 / 0.0033 / -0.0223 / -0.0107
Ornithine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0017 / 0.0011 / -0.0040 / 0.0005
Phenylalanine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0021 / 0.0007 / -0.0033 / -0.0008
Proline / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0013 / 0.0007 / -0.0024 / 0.0002
Serine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0017 / 0.0007 / -0.0026 / -0.0005
Taurine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0002 / 0.0018 / -0.0028 / 0.0039
Threonine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0018 / 0.0006 / -0.0030 / -0.0004
Tyrosine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0030 / 0.0007 / -0.0041 / -0.0016
Urea / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0009 / 0.0006 / -0.0018 / 0.0001
Valine / OGTT / slope120 / -0.0023 / 0.0006 / -0.0034 / -0.0010
Ammonia / OGTT / slope30 / -0.0005 / 0.0080 / -0.0188 / 0.0175
Ammonia / OGTT+PL / slope30 / 0.0017 / 0.0029 / -0.0033 / 0.0052
GLP-1 / OGTT / slope30 / 0.0086 / 0.0118 / -0.0100 / 0.0263
GLP-1 / OGTT+PL / slope30 / 0.0172 / 0.0147 / -0.0039 / 0.0615
Glucose / OGTT / slope30 / 0.0112 / 0.0047 / 0.0055 / 0.0240
Glucose / OGTT+PL / slope30 / 0.0064 / 0.0090 / -0.0179 / 0.0198
Insulin / OGTT / slope30 / 0.0588 / 0.0150 / 0.0369 / 0.0877
Insulin / OGTT+PL / slope30 / 0.0631 / 0.0201 / 0.0218 / 0.1011
Lactate / OGTT / slope30 / -0.0005 / 0.0064 / -0.0113 / 0.0088
Lactate / OGTT+PL / slope30 / -0.0021 / 0.0061 / -0.0195 / 0.0028
GLP-1 / OGTT / slope30/120 / -0.0008 / 0.0033 / -0.0074 / 0.0037
GLP-1 / OGTT+PL / slope30/120 / -0.0017 / 0.0028 / -0.0086 / 0.0023
Glucose / OGTT / slope30/120 / -0.0046 / 0.0036 / -0.0104 / 0.0035
Glucose / OGTT+PL / slope30/120 / -0.0027 / 0.0036 / -0.0077 / 0.0062
Insulin / OGTT / slope30/120 / -0.0094 / 0.0083 / -0.0306 / 0.0058
Insulin / OGTT+PL / slope30/120 / -0.0077 / 0.0061 / -0.0163 / 0.0029
3-methylhistidine / OGTT+PL / time max / 70.00 / 51.86 / 15.00 / 180.00
Alanine / OGTT+PL / time max / 91.00 / 37.81 / 45.00 / 180.00
Ammonia / OGTT / time max / 77.00 / 67.29 / 0.00 / 180.00
Ammonia / OGTT+PL / time max / 93.00 / 59.79 / 0.00 / 180.00
Arginine / OGTT+PL / time max / 70.00 / 51.23 / 15.00 / 180.00
Asparagine / OGTT+PL / time max / 70.00 / 48.00 / 30.00 / 180.00
Aspartate / OGTT+PL / time max / 63.00 / 35.50 / 15.00 / 120.00
Citrulline / OGTT+PL / time max / 108.00 / 82.39 / 0.00 / 180.00
Cysteine / OGTT+PL / time max / 24.00 / 29.89 / 0.00 / 120.00
GLP-1 / OGTT / time max / 58.00 / 51.92 / 0.00 / 180.00
GLP-1 / OGTT+PL / time max / 62.00 / 57.50 / 15.00 / 180.00
Glucose / OGTT / time max / 34.00 / 19.20 / 15.00 / 90.00
Glucose / OGTT+PL / time max / 37.00 / 40.83 / 15.00 / 180.00
Glutamate / OGTT+PL / time max / 89.00 / 56.26 / 15.00 / 180.00
Glutamine / OGTT+PL / time max / 63.00 / 38.95 / 0.00 / 180.00
Glycine / OGTT+PL / time max / 63.00 / 35.04 / 15.00 / 120.00
Histidine / OGTT+PL / time max / 68.00 / 38.40 / 45.00 / 180.00
Insulin / OGTT / time max / 40.00 / 25.14 / 15.00 / 120.00
Insulin / OGTT+PL / time max / 50.00 / 41.53 / 15.00 / 180.00
Isoleucine / OGTT+PL / time max / 59.00 / 39.47 / 15.00 / 180.00
Lactate / OGTT / time max / 78.00 / 46.13 / 30.00 / 180.00
Lactate / OGTT+PL / time max / 72.00 / 42.88 / 0.00 / 180.00
Leucine / OGTT+PL / time max / 59.00 / 39.47 / 15.00 / 180.00
Lysine / OGTT+PL / time max / 113.00 / 55.51 / 45.00 / 180.00
Methionine / OGTT+PL / time max / 85.00 / 48.66 / 15.00 / 180.00
Ornithine / OGTT+PL / time max / 76.00 / 43.72 / 15.00 / 180.00
Phenylalanine / OGTT+PL / time max / 109.00 / 51.17 / 45.00 / 180.00
Proline / OGTT+PL / time max / 111.00 / 61.27 / 15.00 / 180.00
Serine / OGTT+PL / time max / 54.00 / 37.09 / 15.00 / 180.00
Taurine / OGTT+PL / time max / 52.00 / 38.40 / 0.00 / 120.00
Threonine / OGTT+PL / time max / 80.00 / 37.89 / 45.00 / 180.00
Tyrosine / OGTT+PL / time max / 119.00 / 51.80 / 45.00 / 180.00
Urea / OGTT+PL / time max / 122.00 / 58.61 / 15.00 / 180.00
Valine / OGTT+PL / time max / 113.00 / 58.33 / 15.00 / 180.00
3-Hydroxybutyrate / OGTT / time min / 146.00 / 46.57 / 60.00 / 180.00
3-Hydroxybutyrate / OGTT+PL / time min / 168.00 / 24.84 / 120.00 / 180.00
3-methylhistidine / OGTT / time min / 140.00 / 52.78 / 0.00 / 180.00
Alanine / OGTT / time min / 72.00 / 73.53 / 0.00 / 180.00
Arginine / OGTT / time min / 120.00 / 35.86 / 60.00 / 180.00
Asparagine / OGTT / time min / 123.00 / 48.17 / 45.00 / 180.00
Aspartate / OGTT / time min / 127.00 / 68.71 / 15.00 / 180.00
Citrulline / OGTT / time min / 128.00 / 40.04 / 90.00 / 180.00
Cysteine / OGTT / time min / 130.00 / 47.66 / 60.00 / 180.00
Glutamate / OGTT / time min / 85.00 / 68.19 / 0.00 / 180.00
Glutamine / OGTT / time min / 110.00 / 58.55 / 0.00 / 180.00
Glycerol / OGTT / time min / 87.00 / 56.18 / 0.00 / 180.00
Glycerol / OGTT+PL / time min / 122.00 / 50.03 / 30.00 / 180.00
Glycine / OGTT / time min / 121.00 / 60.39 / 45.00 / 180.00
Histidine / OGTT / time min / 123.00 / 46.82 / 45.00 / 180.00
Isoleucine / OGTT / time min / 150.00 / 34.02 / 90.00 / 180.00
Leucine / OGTT / time min / 150.00 / 34.02 / 90.00 / 180.00
Lysine / OGTT / time min / 131.00 / 55.68 / 45.00 / 180.00
Methionine / OGTT / time min / 146.00 / 40.67 / 60.00 / 180.00
NEFA / OGTT / time min / 119.00 / 45.52 / 45.00 / 180.00
NEFA / OGTT+PL / time min / 138.00 / 37.26 / 90.00 / 180.00
Ornithine / OGTT / time min / 166.00 / 37.38 / 60.00 / 180.00
Phenylalanine / OGTT / time min / 150.00 / 39.28 / 90.00 / 180.00
Proline / OGTT / time min / 146.00 / 33.76 / 90.00 / 180.00
Serine / OGTT / time min / 153.00 / 48.84 / 45.00 / 180.00
Taurine / OGTT / time min / 112.00 / 68.24 / 15.00 / 180.00
Threonine / OGTT / time min / 158.00 / 32.99 / 90.00 / 180.00
Tyrosine / OGTT / time min / 166.00 / 29.71 / 90.00 / 180.00
Urea / OGTT / time min / 160.00 / 37.03 / 60.00 / 180.00
Valine / OGTT / time min / 156.00 / 30.43 / 120.00 / 180.00

1OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; OGTT+PL: oral glucose tolerance test with protein load

2rsquare120: regression coefficient in 120 min linear regression; rsquare30: regression coefficient in 30 min linear regression; AUC120: area under the curve in 120 min; slope120: slope calculated by linear regression model in 120 min timeframe; slope30: slope calculated by linear regression model in 120 min timeframe; FC max: maximum fold-change; time max: minimum time required to reach the maximum fold-change; FC min: minimum fold-change; time min: minimum time required to reach the minimum fold-change.