Supplementary material

Table S1. Sampling locations of A. minutum isolates in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic.

Sample / Acronym / Geographical coordinates / Regional Sea / Collection year / Sample* number
Trieste / TS / 45°39'16''N, 13°42'52''E / N Adriatic / 1996; 1997 / 9
Marotta / MAR / 43°46'19''N, 13°09'24''E / Central Adriatic / 2005-2008 / 23
Siracusa / SIR / 37°03'04''N, 15°17'02''E / Ionian / 2001; 2007; 2008 / 19
Olbia / OLB / 40°57'11''N, 09°39'04''E / Tyrrhenian / 2002; 2007 / 24
Arenys de Mar / AM / 41°34'32''N, 02°33'30''E / Catalan / 2002 / 21
Palma / PAL / 39°33'25''N, 02°38'52''E / Balearic / 1995; 2008 / 11
Vigo / VI / 42°12'43''N, 08°52'29''W / Atlantic / 1987-2003 / 9

*The sample number contained also isolates collected from different localities, but included in the same regional

Sea: Ionian Sea included 4 isolates from Taranto; Tyrrhenian Sea included two isolates from Porto Torres and one

isolate from Oliveri; Catalan Sea included two isolates from Estartit.

Table S2. List of Alexandrium minutum isolates and sequences obtained from this and other studies.

Species / Strain / Geographical origin and collecting period / Isolator / Accession No. / Reference
A. minutum / LBMAL1T / Trieste, N Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 1997 / Beran A. / AM292216 / [1]
A. minutum / LBMAL3T / Trieste, N Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 1997 / Beran A. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / LBMAL4T / Trieste, N Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 1997 / Beran A. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / LBMAL5T / Trieste, N Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 1997 / Beran A. / AM292215 / [1]
A. minutum / LBMAL7T / Trieste, N Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 1997 / Beran A. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / LBMAL8T / Trieste, N Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 1997 / Beran A. / AM292214 / [1]
A. minutum / LBMAL9T / Trieste, N Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 1997 / Beran A. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / LAC27 / Trieste, N Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 1996 / Honsell G. / AJ005050 / [2]
A. minutum / AMITA / Trieste, N Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 1996 / Honsell G. / FR668142 / This study
A. minutum / CBA2 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2005 / Ingarao C. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / CBA3 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2006 / Ingarao C. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / CBA4 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2007 / Casabianca S. / FN995984 / This study
A. minutum / CBA5 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668025 / This study
A. minutum / CBA6 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668024 / This study
A. minutum / CBA37 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668026 / This study
A. minutum / CBA38 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668027 / This study
A. minutum / CBA39 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668028 / This study
A. minutum / CBA40 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668029 / This study
A. minutum / CBA41 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668030 / This study
A. minutum / CBA52 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668089 / This study
A. minutum / CBA42 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668090 / This study
A. minutum / CBA43 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668091 / This study
A. minutum / CBA44 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668092 / This study
A. minutum / CBA47 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668093 / This study
A. minutum / CBA48 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668094 / This study
A. minutum / CBA49 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668095 / This study
A. minutum / CBA53 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668096 / This study
A. minutum / CBA54 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668097 / This study
A. minutum / CBA55 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668098 / This study
A. minutum / CBA56 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668099 / This study
A. minutum / CBA57 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668100 / This study
A. minutum / CBA60 / Marotta, C Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668101 / This study
A. minutum / CNRAMIA1 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, March 2001 / Giacobbe M.G. / AJ621734 / [3]
A. minutum / CNRAMIA4 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, March 2001 / Giacobbe M.G. / AJ318460 / [2]
A. minutum / CNRAMIA5 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, March 2001 / Giacobbe M.G. / AJ532913 / [3]
A. minutum / CBA30 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668102 / This study
A. minutum / CBA31 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668103 / This study
A. minutum / CBA32 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668104 / This study
A. minutum / CBA33 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668105 / This study
A. minutum / CBA34 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668106 / This study
A. minutum / CBA35 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668107 / This study
A. minutum / CBA36 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668108 / This study
A. minutum / CBA45 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668109 / This study
A. minutum / CBA46 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668110 / This study
A. minutum / CBA50 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668111 / This study
A. minutum / CBA51 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668112 / This study
A. minutum / CBA58 / Siracusa, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668113 / This study
A. minutum / E9A12 / Taranto, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, March 2007 / Caroppo C. / FR668114 / This study
A. minutum / B8A12 / Taranto, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, March 2007 / Caroppo C. / FR668115 / This study
A. minutum / CNRAMIA2 / Taranto, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, March 2001 / Giacobbe M.G. / AJ318460 / [1]
A. minutum / CNRAMIB5 / Taranto, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 1999 / Giacobbe M.G. / AJ532914 / [1]
A. minutum / CNRAMI4PT / Porto Torres, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2002 / Giacobbe M.G. / AJ514920 / [1]
A. minutum / CNRAMI2PT / Porto Torres, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, April 2002 / Giacobbe M.G. / AJ312945 / [1]
A. minutum / CNRAMI2OL / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, March 2002 / Giacobbe M.G. / AJ532908 / [1]
A. minutum / CBA7 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668116 / This study
A. minutum / CBA8 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668117 / This study
A. minutum / CBA10 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668118 / This study
A. minutum / CBA11 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668119 / This study
A. minutum / CBA12 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668120 / This study
A. minutum / CBA13 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668121 / This study
A. minutum / CBA14 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668122 / This study
A. minutum / CBA15 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668123 / This study
A. minutum / CBA16 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668124 / This study
A. minutum / CBA17 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668125 / This study
A. minutum / CBA18 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668126 / This study
A. minutum / CBA19 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668127 / This study
A. minutum / CBA21 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668128 / This study
A. minutum / CBA22 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668129 / This study
A. minutum / CBA23 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668130 / This study
A. minutum / CBA24 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668131 / This study
A. minutum / CBA25 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668132 / This study
A. minutum / CBA27 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668133 / This study
A. minutum / CBA28 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, May 2007 / Casabianca S. / FR668134 / This study
A. minutum / CNRV1 / Oliveri, S Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, March 2003 / Giacobbe M.G. / AM292217 / [1]
A. minutum / CNRV2 / Olbia, N Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean, Italy, March 2003 / Giacobbe M.G. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / AL10C / Estartit, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, August 2002 / Fraga S. / AJ620856 / [1]
A. minutum / AL11C / Estartit, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, August 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / AL8C / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Bravo I. / AJ532914 / [3]
A. minutum / Min1 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min2 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min3 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / FR668135 / This study
A. minutum / Min4 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min5 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min6 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min7 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min8 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min9 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min10 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min11 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min16 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min17 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min18 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min19 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min21 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min22 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Min23 / Arenys, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, February 2002 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / AMP10 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, May 1995 / Fraga S. / AM292210 / [1]
A. minutum / AMP13 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, May 1995 / Fraga S. / AM292209 / [1]
A. minutum / AMP4 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, May 1995 / Fraga S. / AJ320539 / [1]
A. minutum / Palmira1 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, May 1996 / Fraga S. / FR668136 / This study
A. minutum / Palmira2 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, May 1996 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Palmira3 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, May 1996 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / Palmira4 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, May 1996 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / CBA61 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668137 / This study
A. minutum / CBA62 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668138 / This study
A. minutum / CBA63 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668139 / This study
A. minutum / CBA64 / Majorca, Catalan Sea, Mediterranean, Spain, April 2008 / Casabianca S. / FR668140 / This study
A. minutum / AL1V / Ria de Vigo, Europe Atlantic, Spain, September 1987 / Bravo I. / AJ514922 / [1]
A. minutum / AL2V / Ria de Vigo, Europe Atlantic, Spain, September 1989 / Fraga S. / AM292208 / [1]
A. minutum / AL3V / Ria de Vigo, Europe Atlantic, Spain, May 1992 / Fraga S. / AJ514923 / [1]
A. minutum / AL4V / Ria de Vigo, Europe Atlantic, Spain, May 2000 / Rodriguez F. / AM292310 / [1]
A. minutum / AL5V / Ria de Vigo, Europe Atlantic, Spain, July 2000 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / C3ISA02 / Ria de Vigo, Europe Atlantic, Spain / Bravo I. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / C3ISA33 / Ria de Vigo, Europe Atlantic, Spain / Bravo I. / FR668141 / This study
A. minutum / VGOP4 / Ria de Vigo, Europe Atlantic, Spain / Fraga S. / Not sequenced
A. minutum / VGO650 / Ria de Vigo, Europe Atlantic, Spain, July 2003 / Fraga S. / Not sequenced

Table S3. Genetic variability based on 7 microsatellite loci from 6 regional seas of the Mediterranean and Atlantic.