Supplementary material S1–Overview of Type 2 diabetes Read Codes in the CPRD system
ReadcodeDescription
66A4.00Diabetic on oral treatment
66Ao.00Diabetes type 2 review
66At100Type II diabetic dietary review
66At111Type 2 diabetic dietary review
66AV.00Diabetic on insulin and oral treatment
C100100Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, no mention of complication
C100111Maturity onset diabetes
C100112Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
C101100Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, with ketoacidosis
C102100Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, with hyperosmolar coma
C103100Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, with ketoacidotic coma
C104100Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, with renal manifestation
C105100Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, + ophthalmic manifestation
C106100Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, + neurological manifestation
C107100Diabetes mellitus, adult, + peripheral circulatory disorder
C107200Diabetes mellitus, adult with gangrene
C107400NIDDM with peripheral circulatory disorder
C109.00Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
C109.11NIDDM - Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
C109.12Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C109.13Type II diabetes mellitus
C109000Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with renal comps
C109011Type II diabetes mellitus with renal complications
C109012Type 2 diabetes mellitus with renal complications
C109100Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with ophthalm comps
C109111Type II diabetes mellitus with ophthalmic complications
C109112Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ophthalmic complications
C109200Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with neuro comps
C109211Type II diabetes mellitus with neurological complications
C109212Type 2 diabetes mellitus with neurological complications
C109300Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with multiple comps
C109400Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with ulcer
C109411Type II diabetes mellitus with ulcer
C109412Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ulcer
C109500Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with gangrene
C109511Type II diabetes mellitus with gangrene
C109512Type 2 diabetes mellitus with gangrene
C109600Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with retinopathy
C109611Type II diabetes mellitus with retinopathy
C109612Type 2 diabetes mellitus with retinopathy
C109700Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - poor control
C109711Type II diabetes mellitus - poor control
C109712Type 2 diabetes mellitus - poor control
C109900Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without complication
C109A00Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with mononeuropathy
C109A11Type II diabetes mellitus with mononeuropathy
C109B00Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with polyneuropathy
C109B11Type II diabetes mellitus with polyneuropathy
C109C00Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with nephropathy
C109C11Type II diabetes mellitus with nephropathy
C109C12Type 2 diabetes mellitus with nephropathy
C109D00Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with hypoglyca coma
C109D11Type II diabetes mellitus with hypoglycaemic coma
C109D12Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycaemic coma
C109E00Non-insulin depend diabetes mellitus with diabetic cataract
C109E11Type II diabetes mellitus with diabetic cataract
C109E12Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic cataract
C109F00Non-insulin-dependent d m with peripheral angiopath
C109F11Type II diabetes mellitus with peripheral angiopathy
C109F12Type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral angiopathy
C109G00Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with arthropathy
C109G11Type II diabetes mellitus with arthropathy
C109G12Type 2 diabetes mellitus with arthropathy
C109H00Non-insulin dependent d m with neuropathic arthropathy
C109H11Type II diabetes mellitus with neuropathic arthropathy
C109H12Type 2 diabetes mellitus with neuropathic arthropathy
C109J00Insulin treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C109J11Insulin treated non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
C109J12Insulin treated Type II diabetes mellitus
C109K00Hyperosmolar non-ketotic state in type 2 diabetes mellitus
C10C.11Maturity onset diabetes in youth
C10D.00Diabetes mellitus autosomal dominant type 2
C10D.11Maturity onset diabetes in youth type 2
C10F.00Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C10F.11Type II diabetes mellitus
C10F000Type 2 diabetes mellitus with renal complications
C10F011Type II diabetes mellitus with renal complications
C10F100Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ophthalmic complications
C10F111Type II diabetes mellitus with ophthalmic complications
C10F200Type 2 diabetes mellitus with neurological complications
C10F211Type II diabetes mellitus with neurological complications
C10F300Type 2 diabetes mellitus with multiple complications
C10F311Type II diabetes mellitus with multiple complications
C10F400Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ulcer
C10F411Type II diabetes mellitus with ulcer
C10F500Type 2 diabetes mellitus with gangrene
C10F511Type II diabetes mellitus with gangrene
C10F600Type 2 diabetes mellitus with retinopathy
C10F611Type II diabetes mellitus with retinopathy
C10F700Type 2 diabetes mellitus - poor control
C10F711Type II diabetes mellitus - poor control
C10F900Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complication
C10F911Type II diabetes mellitus without complication
C10FA00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mononeuropathy
C10FA11Type II diabetes mellitus with mononeuropathy
C10FB00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with polyneuropathy
C10FB11Type II diabetes mellitus with polyneuropathy
C10FC00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with nephropathy
C10FC11Type II diabetes mellitus with nephropathy
C10FD00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycaemic coma
C10FD11Type II diabetes mellitus with hypoglycaemic coma
C10FE00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic cataract
C10FE11Type II diabetes mellitus with diabetic cataract
C10FF00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral angiopathy
C10FF11Type II diabetes mellitus with peripheral angiopathy
C10FG00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with arthropathy
C10FG11Type II diabetes mellitus with arthropathy
C10FH00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with neuropathic arthropathy
C10FJ00Insulin treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C10FJ11Insulin treated Type II diabetes mellitus
C10FK00Hyperosmolar non-ketotic state in type 2 diabetes mellitus
C10FL00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with persistent proteinuria
C10FL11Type II diabetes mellitus with persistent proteinuria
C10FM00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with persistent microalbuminuria
C10FM11Type II diabetes mellitus with persistent microalbuminuria
C10FN00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis
C10FP00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidotic coma
C10FQ00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with exudative maculopathy
C10FR00Type 2 diabetes mellitus with gastroparesis
C10K.00Type A insulin resistance
C10K000Type A insulin resistance without complication
C10z100Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, + unspecified complication
L180600Pre-existing diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent
Supplementary material S2–Questionnaire
Supplementary material S3-Change in HbA1c (mmol/mol, %) by treatment group post initiation of dapagliflozinAll / Dual (Metformin) / Triple / Add-on to Insulin
N / Mean / 95% CI / N / Mean / 95% CI / N / Mean / 95% CI / N / Mean / 95% CI
14-90 days post
Absolute change (mmol/mol) / 562 / -9.7 / -10.9 / -8.5 / 141 / -9.6 / -11.8 / -7.3 / 172 / -10.4 / -12.6 / -8.3 / 101 / -10.5 / -12.9 / -8.0
Absolute change (%) / 562 / -0.89 / -0.99 / -0.78 / 141 / -0.88 / -1.08 / -0.67 / 172 / -0.95 / -1.15 / -0.76 / 101 / -0.96 / -1.18 / -0.73
% change / 562 / -10.6 / -11.8 / -9.4 / 141 / -11.0 / -13.3 / -8.7 / 172 / -11.6 / -13.8 / -9.3 / 101 / -11.0 / -13.7 / -8.4
91-180 days post
Absolute change (mmol/mol) / 552 / -10.2 / -11.5 / -8.9 / 162 / -9.1 / -11.5 / -6.7 / 151 / -10.5 / -13.0 / -8.0 / 100 / -7.4 / -10.2 / -4.6
Absolute change (%) / 552 / -0.93 / -1.05 / -0.81 / 162 / -0.83 / -1.05 / -0.61 / 151 / -0.96 / -1.19 / -0.73 / 100 / -0.68 / -0.93 / -0.43
% change / 552 / -11.2 / -12.6 / -9.7 / 162 / -10.3 / -13.1 / -7.5 / 151 / -11.8 / -14.6 / -9.0 / 100 / -8.1 / -11.3 / -4.9
>180 days post / n=52
Absolute change (mmol/mol) / 342 / -12.6 / -14.3 / -11.0 / 101 / -11.8 / -14.9 / -8.8 / 104 / -12.9 / -16.1 / -9.7 / 56 / -13.4 / -16.8 / -9.9
Absolute change (%) / 342 / -1.16 / -1.31 / -1.01 / 101 / -1.08 / -1.36 / -0.80 / 104 / -1.18 / -1.47 / -0.89 / 56 / -1.22 / -1.53 / -0.91
% change / 342 / -14.3 / -16.1 / -12.5 / 101 / -13.8 / -17.4 / -10.3 / 104 / -14.6 / -17.9 / -11.2 / 56 / -14.7 / -18.4 / -11.1
95% CI: 95% confidence interval
Supplementary material S4-Change in body weight (kg) per treatment group post initiation of dapagliflozin
All / Dual (Metformin) / Triple / Add-on to Insulin
N / Mean / 95% CI / N / Mean / 95% CI / N / Mean / 95% CI / N / Mean / 95% CI
14-90 days post
Absolute change / 513 / -2.6 / -2.9 / -2.3 / 137 / -3.2 / -3.7 / -2.7 / 147 / -2.8 / -3.3 / -2.3 / 93 / -1.5 / -2.2 / -0.7
% change / 513 / -2.5 / -2.8 / -2.2 / 137 / -2.9 / -3.4 / -2.5 / 147 / -2.7 / -3.2 / -2.2 / 93 / -1.5 / -2.2 / -0.8
91-180 days post
Absolute change / 499 / -4.3 / -4.7 / -3.8 / 155 / -5.4 / -6.1 / -4.7 / 131 / -4.3 / -4.9 / -3.6 / 102 / -2.7 / -3.7 / -1.8
% change / 499 / -4.0 / -4.4 / -3.6 / 155 / -5.1 / -5.7 / -4.6 / 131 / -4.1 / -4.7 / -3.4 / 102 / -2.7 / -3.6 / -1.9
>180 days post / n=52
Absolute change / 342 / -4.6 / -5.2 / -4.0 / 95 / -6.3 / -7.6 / -5.0 / 101 / -4.4 / -5.5 / -3.3 / 52 / -3.2 / -4.7 / -1.7
% change / 342 / -4.4 / -4.9 / -3.9 / 95 / -5.9 / -7.0 / -4.8 / 101 / -4.1 / -5.0 / -3.2 / 52 / -3.2 / -4.5 / -1.8
95% CI: 95% confidence interval
Supplementary material S5-Predictors of HbA1c targets post dapagliflozin initiation
HbA1c to target: ≤7.5% / HbA1c to target: ≤7.0%
Odds Ratio / 95% CI / P / Odds Ratio / 95% CI / P
Age category (years)
45-54 / 0.64 / 0.36 / 1.15 / 0.1356 / 1.16 / 0.55 / 2.45 / 0.6938
55-64 / 0.72 / 0.41 / 1.27 / 0.2527 / 0.85 / 0.40 / 1.79 / 0.6707
65-74 / 0.40 / 0.22 / 0.75 / 0.0042 / 0.63 / 0.28 / 1.42 / 0.2605
≥75 / 0.33 / 0.12 / 0.88 / 0.0261 / 0.10 / 0.01 / 0.83 / 0.0329
<45 (reference)
Female vs male / 0.96 / 0.68 / 1.34 / 0.7935 / 0.93 / 0.60 / 1.43 / 0.7356
BMI (baseline)
30-40 / 0.66 / 0.45 / 0.95 / 0.0272 / 0.68 / 0.42 / 1.09 / 0.1092
>40 / 0.56 / 0.34 / 0.94 / 0.0294 / 0.56 / 0.28 / 1.10 / 0.0934
≤30 (reference)
HbA1c % (baseline)
<8.5 / 12.63 / 7.74 / 20.60 / <.0001 / 9.95 / 4.96 / #### / <.0001
8.5-10 / 3.21 / 1.94 / 5.32 / <.0001 / 3.10 / 1.47 / 6.52 / 0.0029
≥10 (reference)
Diabetes diagnosis time (years)
4-8 / 0.47 / 0.29 / 0.74 / 0.0012 / 0.64 / 0.36 / 1.14 / 0.1288
8-12 / 0.45 / 0.27 / 0.74 / 0.0016 / 0.56 / 0.29 / 1.05 / 0.0701
≥12 / 0.35 / 0.21 / 0.60 / 0.0001 / 0.55 / 0.28 / 1.06 / 0.0744
<4 (reference)
Smoking history
Never smoked / 1.27 / 0.76 / 2.11 / 0.3678 / 1.28 / 0.65 / 2.51 / 0.4719
Past smoker / 0.88 / 0.52 / 1.49 / 0.6398 / 0.90 / 0.45 / 1.81 / 0.7717
Current smoker (reference)
CVD history vs none / 0.92 / 0.64 / 1.30 / 0.6211 / 1.15 / 0.73 / 1.81 / 0.5575
Cancer vs none / 1.93 / 0.79 / 4.71 / 0.1471 / 1.31 / 0.35 / 4.83 / 0.6873
Treatment (3 months post initiation)
Dual metformin / 1.26 / 0.71 / 2.23 / 0.4275 / 1.47 / 0.64 / 3.37 / 0.3616
Triple therpy / 1.39 / 0.80 / 2.41 / 0.2486 / 1.89 / 0.84 / 4.25 / 0.1261
Other / 1.37 / 0.78 / 2.42 / 0.2718 / 2.03 / 0.91 / 4.57 / 0.0858
Add-on to insulin (reference)
Time of HbA1c measurement*
91-180 day / 1.51 / 1.08 / 2.12 / 0.0175 / 1.51 / 0.97 / 2.36 / 0.0681
181-365 days / 2.29 / 1.26 / 4.14 / 0.0063 / 2.09 / 1.03 / 4.27 / 0.0422
14-90 days (reference)
Logistic regression models used to examine predictors of outcomes
Patients had to have baseline HbA1c measure and at least 1 measure post dapagliflozin initiation to be included
*Only HbA1c measures recorded 14-365 days post dapagliflozin initiation were included and whilst patients were on treatment
If patients had more than 1 measure post dapagliflozin initiation, only the first was examined. Time of measurement was examined as predictor
1072 patients in total included in analyses, 11 patients had missing observations and excluded
95% CI: 95% confidence interval
Supplementary material S6-Predictors of weight loss post dapagliflozin initiation
weight loss: ≥5% / weight loss: ≥3%
Odds Ratio / 95% CI / P / Odds Ratio / 95% CI / P
Age category (years)
45-54 / 1.21 / 0.67 / 2.18 / 0.5249 / 1.59 / 0.96 / 2.63 / 0.0701
55-64 / 1.40 / 0.78 / 2.50 / 0.2550 / 1.87 / 1.14 / 3.08 / 0.0131
65-74 / 1.14 / 0.60 / 2.14 / 0.6917 / 1.70 / 0.99 / 2.90 / 0.0529
≥75 / 0.69 / 0.22 / 2.17 / 0.5251 / 3.80 / 1.56 / 9.30 / 0.0034
<45 (reference)
Female vs male / 0.87 / 0.63 / 1.21 / 0.419 / 1.05 / 0.79 / 1.39 / 0.7434
BMI (baseline)
30-40 / 1.28 / 0.87 / 1.90 / 0.2132 / 1.14 / 0.82 / 1.59 / 0.4325
>40 / 1.16 / 0.71 / 1.90 / 0.5536 / 0.88 / 0.58 / 1.33 / 0.5316
≤30 (reference)
HbA1c % (baseline)
<8.5 / 1.32 / 0.88 / 1.97 / 0.1835 / 1.26 / 0.89 / 1.76 / 0.1916
8.5-10 / 1.43 / 0.97 / 2.12 / 0.0718 / 1.52 / 1.09 / 2.13 / 0.0130
≥10 (reference)
Diabetes diagnosis time (years)
4-8 / 1.57 / 0.98 / 2.53 / 0.0614 / 1.41 / 0.93 / 2.12 / 0.1019
8-12 / 1.17 / 0.70 / 1.97 / 0.5515 / 1.22 / 0.79 / 1.89 / 0.3678
≥12 / 1.35 / 0.79 / 2.30 / 0.2757 / 0.98 / 0.63 / 1.54 / 0.9299
<4 (reference)
Smoking history
Never smoked / 0.69 / 0.43 / 1.12 / 0.1343 / 0.75 / 0.48 / 1.17 / 0.2013
Past smoker / 0.53 / 0.33 / 0.87 / 0.0117 / 0.68 / 0.44 / 1.07 / 0.0954
Current smoker (reference)
CVD history vs none / 1.26 / 0.89 / 1.78 / 0.2006 / 1.17 / 0.87 / 1.57 / 0.3097
Cancer vs none / 1.40 / 0.52 / 3.72 / 0.5058 / 1.34 / 0.57 / 3.14 / 0.5086
Treatment (3 months post initiation)
Dual metformin / 2.41 / 1.43 / 4.07 / 0.0010 / 2.55 / 1.65 / 3.94 / <.0001
Triple therapy / 1.73 / 1.03 / 2.91 / 0.0374 / 1.46 / 0.96 / 2.20 / 0.0769
Other / 1.55 / 0.92 / 2.60 / 0.0971 / 1.36 / 0.90 / 2.06 / 0.1456
Add-on to insulin (reference)
Time of weight measurement*
91-180 day / 2.30 / 1.64 / 3.24 / <.0001 / 1.81 / 1.35 / 2.42 / <.0001
181-365 days / 3.66 / 2.32 / 5.79 / <.0001 / 2.01 / 1.31 / 3.07 / 0.0013
14-90 days (reference)
Logistic regression models used to examine predictors of outcomes
Patients had to have baseline weight measure and at least 1 measure post dapagliflozin initiationto be included
*Only measures recorded 14-365 day post dapagliflozin initiation were included and whilst patients were on treatment
If patients had more than 1 measure post dapagliflozin initiation, only the first was examined. Time of measurement was examined as predictor
951 patients in total included in analyses, 7 patients had missing observations and excluded
95% CI: 95% confidence interval
Supplementary material S7- Change in blood pressure (mm/Hg) per treatment group post initiation of dapagliflozin
All / Dual (Metformin) / Triple / Add-on to Insulin
N / Mean / 95% CI / N / Mean / 95% CI / N / Mean / 95% CI / N / Mean / 95% CI
14-90 days post
Diastolic / 431 / -2.0 / -2.9 / -1.2 / 108 / -3.0 / -4.6 / -1.5 / 120 / -2.2 / -3.8 / -0.5 / 86 / -1.3 / -3.2 / 0.7
Systolic / 416 / -4.5 / -5.8 / -3.2 / 104 / -4.1 / -6.6 / -1.5 / 117 / -4.5 / -7.1 / -1.9 / 83 / -3.7 / -6.3 / -1.1
91-180 days post
Diastolic / 410 / -1.7 / -2.6 / -0.7 / 117 / -0.9 / -2.5 / 0.8 / 113 / -3.4 / -5.1 / -1.7 / 87 / -1.4 / -3.5 / 0.8
Systolic / 398 / -4.3 / -5.6 / -3.0 / 114 / -4.3 / -6.9 / -1.6 / 110 / -5.5 / -7.7 / -3.2 / 84 / -4.8 / -7.9 / -1.7
180+ days post / n=52
Diastolic / 309 / -1.4 / -2.5 / -0.4 / 84 / -0.3 / -2.2 / 1.6 / 88 / -2.3 / -4.3 / -0.4 / 52 / -2.4 / -4.8 / 0.0
Systolic / 304 / -2.3 / -3.8 / -0.7 / 83 / -1.6 / -4.8 / 1.6 / 87 / -2.8 / -5.6 / 0.0 / 51 / -4.1 / -8.0 / -0.3
95% CI: 95% confidence interval