Supplementary material for AFSC-D-12-00597

Table S1. Temperature and rainfall values at Craik and AshleyForests under current and future climate scenarios by season

Craik / Ashley
Current / Future / Current / Future
Maximum mean daily temperature (oC)
Spring / 8.5 / 11.2 / 16.8 / 18.4
Summer / 16.2 / 20.5 / 21.9 / 23.4
Autumn / 9.5 / 12.8 / 17.6 / 19.4
Winter / 3.7 / 6.3 / 11.7 / 13.7
Minimum mean daily temperature (oC)
Spring / 1.5 / 4.0 / 5.6 / 7.6
Summer / 7.7 / 11.1 / 10.5 / 12.9
Autumn / 3.6 / 6.9 / 6.5 / 9.2
Winter / -0.8 / 1.8 / 1.6 / 4.9
Total Rainfall (mm)
Spring / 205 / 191 / 158 / 143
Summer / 159 / 114 / 154 / 146
Autumn / 233 / 268 / 151 / 147
Winter / 286 / 298 / 200 / 149

Table S2. 3PGS2 parameters by species

Parameter / Sitka spruce / Scots pine / Radiata pine / E. fastigata
Biomass partitioning & turnover
pFS2 / 1.4 / 0.76 / 0.8 / 1
pFS20 / 0.8 / 0.46 / 0.4 / 0.1
aS / 0.138 / 0.0572 / 0.024 / 0.158
nS / 2.3 / 2.4568 / 2.72 / 2.1
pRx / 0.45 / 0.48 / 0.6 / 0.85
pRn / 0.3 / 0.21 / 0.25 / 0.3
gammaFx / 0.01888 / 0.048 / 0.03 / 0.027
gammaF0 / 0.001 / 0.0022 / 0.001 / 0.0035
tgammaF / 36 / 60 / 36 / 12
gammaR / 0.017 / 0.07 / 0.015 / 0.015
NPP& conductance modifiers
Tmin / -5 / -5 / 0 / 6
Topt / 15 / 20 / 20 / 20
Tmax / 35 / 30 / 32 / 35
kF / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0
SWconst / 0.55 / 0.7 / 0.7 / 0.7
SWpower / 6 / 9 / 9 / 9
fCalpha700 / 1.4 / 1.4 / 1.4 / 1.4
fCg700 / 0.7 / 0.7 / 0.7 / 0.7
m0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
fN0 / 0.3 / 0.6 / 0.6 / 0.6
fNn / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1
MaxAge / 400 / 120 / 60 / 60
nAge / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4
rAge / 0.95 / 0.75 / 0.5 / 0.95
Stem mortality & self-thinning
gammaNx / 0 / 0 / 0 / 5.5
gammaN0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
tgammaN / 0 / 0 / 0 / 8
ngammaN / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0.5
wSx1000 / 500 / 400 / 160 / 333
Thinpower / 1.5 / 2 / 1.5 / 4
mF / 0.5 / 0.2 / 0 / 0
mR / 0.3 / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.2
mS / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.2
Canopy structure and processes
SLA0 / 5 / 6 / 5 / 11
SLA1 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 7
tSLA / 5 / 6 / 2 / 2.5
k / 0.5 / 0.52 / 0.5 / 0.5
fullCanAge / 15 / 18 / 3 / 5
MaxIntcptn / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.15
LAImaxIntcptn / 5 / 5 / 5 / 3
Alpha / 0.06 / 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.06
Y / 0.47 / 0.49 / 0.47 / 0.47
MinCond / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
MaxCond / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.02
LAIgcx / 3.33 / 3.33 / 3.33 / 3.33
CoeffCond / 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05
BLcond / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.2
Wood properties
fracBB0 / 0.15 / 0.3 / 0.5 / 0.75
fracBB1 / 0.15 / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.15
tBB / 1.5 / 10 / 5 / 5
rhoMin / 0.35 / 0.39 / 0.48 / 0.4
rhoMax / 0.55 / 0.39 / 0.48 / 0.5
tRho / 4 / 4 / 4 / 10
Conversion factors
Qa / -90 / -90 / -90 / -90
Qb / 0.8 / 0.8 / 0.8 / 0.8
gDM_mol / 24 / 24 / 24 / 24
molPAR_MJ / 2.3 / 2.3 / 2.3 / 2.3

Table S3. Silvicultural regime assumed for the different species in each case study.

Regime / Sitka spruce / Scots pine / Radiata pine / E. fastigata
Planting density (ha) / 2500 / 2500 / 720 / 800
Waste thinning / n/a / n/a / Age 7 / Age 6
Production thinning / 4-5 times from 25-45 years / 7-9 times from 30-70 years / n/a / n/a
Final stocking (stems per ha) / 310 / 260 / 250 / 200
Pruning (age and prune height) / n/a / n/a / Age 6 to 4m
Age 10 to 8m / Age 6 to 6m
Age 10 to 10m
Harvest age (yrs) / 50 / 80 / 28 / 35

Table S4. Outline costs and revenues assumed for the NPV calculations in Scotland.

a) Costs.

Costs (euros ha-1)
Year / Operation / Sitka spruce / Scots pine / Notes
0 / Cultivation / 560 / 310 / Assumes mounding for Sitka spruce and scarification for Scots pine
Plants / 350 / 350 / Assumes 2500 plants ha-1 and a small proportion of broadleaves and other species for amenity.
Planting / 260 / 260 / All done manually
Protection against Hylobius / 125 / 125 / Preplant spraying
1 / Replacing failures and planting / 120 / 120 / Assumes 20 per cent failure rate
Hylobius protection / 90 / 90 / Top-up spraying
Weed control (herbicide) / 140 / 140 / Depends on site type
2 / Hylobius protection / 90 / 90 / Top-up spraying
Weed control (herbicide) / 140 / 140 / Depends on site type
15 / Removal of competing woody weeds (cleaning) / 120 / 120 / Assumed to be carried out on 25 per cent of the stand
0-30 / Deer control / 10 / 10 / A no fencing regime is assumed
All / Fixed costs / 130 / 130 / Includes management, insurance, maintenance of roads, fire prevention, etc.

Notes:

  1. Main source for these data is Mason (2007; Table 1) updated and revised in discussion with colleagues in the Forestry Commission. See also CJC Consulting (2004; Table 4.1).

b) Revenues

Revenues (euros m-3)
Product / Sitka spruce / Scots pine / Notes
'Sleeper’ sawlog / - / 50 / Sitka spruce is not used for this product.
Green sawlog / 45 / 45
Red sawlog / 30 / 30
Pallet log / 25 / 25
Pulp or chipwood / 20 / 20

Notes:

  1. All revenues quoted are for standing trees, i.e. before any harvesting or transport cost is incurred.
  2. Original revenue figures were provided by E.C. Macdonald and S. Mochan, Forest Research and have been adjusted to 2012 figures and rounded as necessary.
  3. The product break-outs were originally calculated as part of the EU Eforwood project (Rosen et al. 2012). The proportions are based on data provided by BA Gardiner and EC Macdonald (Forest Research) andareassumed to change over the rotation from 100 per cent pulp or chipwood at first thinning to about 45 per cent green log production (Sitka spruce) or 60 per cent green log and 20 per cent sleeper (Scots pine) at clearfelling.
  4. Sawlog grading is based primarily on log size and straightness, and knot size and number (Forestry Commission, 1993).

References:

CJC Consulting (2004) Economic analysis of the contribution of the forest estate managed by Forestry Commission Scotland. CJC Consulting, Oxford and Aberdeen, 79 pp.

Forestry Commission (1993). Classification and presentation of softwood sawlogs. Forestry

Commission Field Book 9. HMSO, London.

Mason WL (2007) Silviculture of Scottish forests at a time of change. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 24, 41-57.

Rosén K, Lindner M, Nabuurs G.-J, Paschalis-Jakubowicz P. (2012). Challenges in implementing sustainability impact assessment of forest wood chains. European Journal of Forest Research 131:1-5.

Table S5. Outline costs and revenues assumed for the NPV calculations in New Zealand.

a)Costs.

Costs (euros ha-1)
Year / Operation / Radiata pine / Eucalyptus fastigata / Notes
0 / Establishment / 404 / 404 / Includes pre-plant herbicide spraying, cultivation, plants, and planting.
1 / Weed control (herbicide) / 94 / 94 / First post-establishment weed release
2 / Weed control (herbicide) / 94 / 94 / Second post-establishment weed release
5 / Pruning lift to 4m / 183 / 183
5 / Waste thin to final stocking / 76
6 / Waste thin to final stocking / 76
7 / Pruning lift to 6m / 211
9 / Pruning lift to 6m / 211
All / Fixed costs / 20 / 20 / Includes management and insurance

b) Revenues

Revenues (euros m-3)
Product / Radiata pine / Eucalyptus fastigata / Notes
P1 sawlog / 46 / n/a
S1/S2 sawlog / 32 / n/a
L350 sawlog / 19 / n/a
Pulp / 1.2 / n/a / Assumed that market was too far away to ship economically
Large sawlogs / n/a / 62 / Generic classification for high value eucalypt logs. Grade specifications vary by mill
Chip-n-saw / n/a / 8

c) Log grade recovery per tree – based on recoverable stem volume at harvest

Log grades per tree (%)
Product / Radiata pine / Eucalyptus fastigata
P1 sawlog / 25.5 / n/a
S1/S2 sawlog / 25.4 / n/a
L350 sawlog / 17.1 / n/a
Pulp / 17.0 / n/a
Large sawlogs / n/a / 50.0
Chip-n-saw / n/a / 35.0

Notes:

  1. All revenues quoted are for standing trees, i.e. before any harvesting or transport cost is incurred (Nicholas 2008, Agrifax 2012).
  2. Terrain assumed to be steepwith an average slope between 15 to 25 degrees.
  3. All logs were assumed to be processed by a domestic sawmill within 70 km of AshleyForest.
  4. Merchantable logs were assumed to be 85% of the total aboveground tree biomass (by weight).
  5. Sawlog grading is based primarily on log size and straightness, and knot size (MacLaren 2000, Jones et al. 2010).
  6. Breakout and log grade recovery for each species was based on earlier studies (MacLaren 2000, Berrill and Nicholas 2008, Jones et al. 2010).

References:

Agrifax (2012) Regional log price and cost report. January 2012. NZX Agri, Fielding. 2pp

Berrill P, Nicholas I (2008) Chapter 8 – Growth Models. In: Best practice with farm forestry timber species. No. 2: Eucalypts. Ed: Nicholas I, pp 84-93. NZFFA Electronic Handbook Series, Wellington.

Palmer D, Hall P, Kimberley, M (2011) A spatial approach to analysing costs and returns from future forests nationally. Unpublished report. Rotorua: New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited.

Jones TG, McConnochie RM, Shelbourne R, Low CB (2010) Sawing and grade recovery of 25-year-old Eucalyptus fastigata, E. globoidea, E. muelleriana, and E. pilularis. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 40, pp 19-31.

MacLaren J P (2000) Chapter 14 – Log Specifications. In: How much wood has your woodlot got?: A practical guide to estimating the volume and value of planted trees. Pp 72-73. FRI Bulletin No.217. Forest Research Institute, Rotorua.

NicholasI(2008) Chapter 7 – Pruning and Thinning. In: Best practice with farm forestry timber species. No. 2: Eucalypts. Ed: Nicholas I, pp 74-83. NZFFA Electronic Handbook Series, Wellington.