Supplementary Material: Atypical Neural Activity in Males but not Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Supplementary Data 1: Participant Demographics and Characteristics
Table S1a. Participant Demographics
NT / ASD / U / pMean (SD) / Range / Median / Mean Rank / Mean (SD) / Range / Median / Mean Rank
Age (Years) / Total / 30.52 (10.22) / 19-56 / 28.00 / 24.90 / 30.56 (8.80) / 21-55 / 28.00 / 25.96 / 298.00 / .81
Male / 33.91 (9.44) / 19-49 / 32.00 / 12.59 / 33.77 (8.80) / 24-55 / 32.00 / 12.42 / 70.50 / .95
Female / 27.42 (10.29) / 19-56 / 24.50 / 12.96 / 27.57 (7.97) / 21-44 / 23.50 / 13.96 / 77.50 / .74
IQ – Composite / Total / 112.74 (13.71) / 82-134 / 114.00 / 27.43 / 109.44 (14.38) / 83-139 / 111.00 / 23.85 / 266.00 / .39
Male / 112.45 (16.20) / 82-134 / 113.00 / 12.59 / 112.08 (14.37) / 83-131 / 113.00 / 12.42 / 70.50 / .95
Female / 113 (11.71) / 89-127 / 114.00 / 15.46 / 107 (14.48) / 89-139 / 103.50 / 11.82 / 60.50 / .23
IQ – Verbal / Total / 105.57 (14.73) / 64-128 / 107.00 / 27.87 / 103.7 (13.48) / 81-144 / 104.00 / 23.48 / 256.00 / .29
Male / 104.64 (19.550 / 64-128 / 105.00 / 12.23 / 104.77 (12.50) / 81-127 / 107.00 / 12.73 / 68.50 / .86
Female / 106.42 (9.22) / 88-116 / 109.00 / 15.75 / 102.71 (14.73) / 82-144 / 99.00 / 11.57 / 57.00 / .16
IQ – Non-verbal / Total / 116.78 (13.23) / 86-135 / 120.00 / 27.48 / 112.74 (15.44) / 84-132 / 115.00 / 23.81 / 265.00 / .37
Male / 117.55 (12.77) / 94-133 / 120.00 / 12.86 / 116.46 (15.79) / 84-132 / 115.00 / 12.19 / 67.50 / .82
Female / 116.08 (14.17) / 86-135 / 120.00 / 15.29 / 109.29 (14.83) / 88-130 / 113.00 / 11.96 / 62.50 / .27
Table S1b. Summary of Scores for RAADS-R, AQ and EQ; Including all Sub-Scales
NT / ASD / U / p / rMean (SD) / Range / Median / Mean Rank / Mean (SD) / Range / Median / Mean Rank
RAADS-R
Total / Total / 23.22 (15.49) / 0-64 / 24.00 / 12.13 / 132.26 (42.18) / 49-219 / 131.00 / 36.89 / 3.00 / <.001 / -.85
Male / 26.36 (19.44) / 0-64 / 25.00 / 6.00 / 131.31 (26.96) / 84-185 / 127.00 / 18.00 / 0.00 / <.001 / -.85
Female / 20.33 (10.82) / 6-44 / 17.50 / 6.50 / 133.14 (53.72) / 49-219 / 141.00 / 19.50 / 0.00 / <.001 / -.85
Social / Total / 4.13 (4.21) / 0-15 / 3.00 / 12.22 / 28.56 (13.57) / 10-59 / 24.00 / 36.81 / 5.00 / <.001 / -.84
Relatedness / Male / 4.36 (4.61) / 0-15 / 3.00 / 6.14 / 28.77 (13.80) / 10-59 / 24.00 / 17.88 / 1.50 / <.001 / -.83
Female / 3.92 (4.01) / 0-12 / 3.00 / 6.50 / 28.36 (13.87) / 13-57 / 25.50 / 19.50 / 0.00 / <.001 / -.85
Circumscribed / Total / 10.17 (9.28) / 0-37 / 10.00 / 12.39 / 55.33 (17.71) / 18-84 / 55.00 / 36.67 / 9.00 / <.001 / -.83
Interests / Male / 12.09 (12.00) / 0-37 / 11.00 / 6.09 / 57.00 (12.85) / 36-80 / 55.00 / 17.92 / 1.00 / <.001 / -.83
Female / 8.42 (5.84) / 0-18 / 7.50 / 6.58 / 53.79 (21.67) / 18-84 / 57.50 / 19.43 / 1.00 / <.001 / -.84
Sensory / Total / 6.30 (5.44) / 0-24 / 5.00 / 13.54 / 26.85 (12.98) / 7-50 / 26.00 / 35.69 / 35.50 / <.001 / -.76
Motor / Male / 6.55 (6.59) / 0-24 / 4.00 / 7.05 / 24.38 (11.76) / 7-45 / 22.00 / 17.12 / 11.50 / <.001 / -.71
Female / 6.08 (4.42) / 3-19 / 5.00 / 7.00 / 29.14 (14.06) / 7-50 / 28.00 / 19.07 / 6.00 / <.001 / -.79
Social / Total / 3.13 (3.29) / 0-15 / 3.00 / 12.54 / 23.11 (7.55) / 3-34 / 23.00 / 36.54 / 12.50 / <.001 / -.82
Anxiety / Male / 3.82 (4.38) / 0-15 / 3.00 / 6.00 / 22.54 (4.81) / 17-33 / 21.00 / 18.00 / 0.00 / <.001 / -.85
Female / 2.50 (1.83) / 0-5 / 3.00 / 6.96 / 23.64 (9.59) / 3-34 / 26.00 / 19.11 / 5.50 / <.001 / -.80
Table S1b. Continued
NT / ASD / U / p / rMean (SD) / Range / Median / Mean Rank / Mean (SD) / Range / Median / Mean Rank
AQ
Total / Total / 10.48 (5.81) / 2-24 / 10.00 / 13.46 / 32.44 (10.78) / 5-48 / 34.00 / 35.76 / 33.50 / <.001 / -.76
Male / 11.09 (6.99) / 2-24 / 11.00 / 6.14 / 34.92 (7.64) / 21-48 / 35.00 / 17.88 / 1.50 / <.001 / -.83
Female / 9.92 (4.72) / 3-18 / 10.00 / 7.79 / 30.14 (12.91) / 5-48 / 34.00 / 19.39 / 15.50 / <.001 / -.69
Social / Total / 1.26 (1.54) / 0-5 / 1.00 / 12.98 / 6.78 (2.47) / 2-10 / 7.00 / 36.17 / 22.50 / <.001 / -.80
Male / 1.64 (1.80) / 0-5 / 1.00 / 6.45 / 7.23 (2.13) / 4-10 / 7.00 / 17.62 / 5.00 / <.001 / -.79
Female / 0.92 (1.24) / 0-4 / 0.05 / 6.96 / 6.36 (2.76) / 2-10 / 7.00 / 19.11 / 5.50 / <.001 / -.80
Attention / Total / 2.78 (2.37) / 0-8 / 3.00 / 14.57 / 7.63 (2.47) / 1-10 / 8.00 / 34.81 / 59.00 / <.001 / -.70
Switching / Male / 3.36 (2.58) / 0-8 / 3.00 / 7.41 / 7.77 (2.20) / 3-10 / 8.00 / 16.81 / 15.50 / .001 / -.67
Female / 2.25 (2.14) / 0-7 / 2.00 / 7.67 / 7.50 (2.77) / 1-10 / 8.00 / 18.50 / 14.00 / <.001 / -.71
Local / Total / 3.39 (2.50) / 0-10 / 3.00 / 16.67 / 6.67 (2.56) / 1-10 / 7.00 / 32.94 / 109.50 / <.001 / -.56
Detail / Male / 2.73 (2.15) / 0-7 / 3.00 / 7.00 / 7.15 (2.15) / 3-10 / 8.00 / 17.15 / 11.00 / <.001 / -.72
Female / 4.00 (2.73) / 1-10 / 3.00 / 10.33 / 6.21 (2.89) / 1-10 / 6.00 / 16.21 / 46.00 / .048 / -.39
Communication / Total / 1.26 (1.74) / 0-6 / 0.00 / 14.13 / 6.52 (2.95) / 0-10 / 7.00 / 35.91 / 49.00 / <.001 / -.73
Male / 1.82 (2.09) / 0-6 / 1.00 / 6.50 / 7.08 (2.10) / 4-10 / 7.00 / 17.58 / 5.50 / <.001 / -.79
Female / 0.75 (1.22) / 0-4 / 0.00 / 7.79 / 6.00 (3.57) / 0-10 / 7.50 / 18.39 / 15.50 / <.001 / -.70
Imagination / Total / 1.78 (1.48) / 0-5 / 1.00 / 17.30 / 4.85 (2.90) / 0-9 / 5.00 / 32.48 / 122.00 / <.001 / -.52
Male / 1.55 (1.13) / 0-3 / 1.00 / 6.86 / 5.69 (2.63) / 2-9 / 5.00 / 17.27 / 9.50 / <.001 / -.74
Female / 2.00 (1.76) / 0-5 / 1.50 / 10.79 / 4.07 (3.02) / 0-8 / 4.50 / 15.82 / 51.00 / .090 / -.33
Table S1b. Continued
NT / ASD / U / p / rMean (SD) / Range / Median / Mean Rank / Mean (SD) / Range / Median / Mean Rank
EQ
Total / Total / 52.52 (13.27) / 28-72 / 49.00 / 37.67 / 23.85 (10.56) / 7-46 / 23.00 / 15.13 / 30.50 / <.001 / -.77
Male / 47.64 (14.90) / 28-67 / 48.00 / 18.14 / 21.31 (8.65) / 8-38 / 21.00 / 7.73 / 9.50 / <.001 / -.73
Female / 57.00 (10.23 / 44-72 / 57.50 / 20.21 / 26.21 (11.90) / 7-46 / 24.50 / 7.75 / 3.50 / <.001 / -.81
Cognitive / Total / 17.87 (6.02) / 6-26 / 18.00 / 36.35 / 6.26 (5.74) / 0-21 / 5.00 / 16.26 / 61.00 / <.001 / -.69
Empathy / Male / 17.55 (6.12) / 7-26 / 20.00 / 18.27 / 5.15 (4.32) / 0-14 / 5.00 / 7.62 / 8.00 / .001 / -.75
Female / 18.17 (6.19 / 6-26 / 17.50 / 18.71 / 7.29 (6.81) / 0-21 / 6.00 / 9.04 / 21.50 / <.001 / -.63
Emotional / Total / 16.39 (4.57) / 9-23 / 16.00 / 36.67 / 8.22 (3.70) / 1-15 / 8.00 / 15.98 / 53.50 / <.001 / -.71
Reactivity / Male / 14.27 (4.36) / 9-21 / 13.00 / 17.55 / 7.38 (3.36) / 4-13 / 6.00 / 8.23 / 16.00 / .001 / -.66
Female / 18.33 (3.98 / 13-23 / 19.00 / 19.83 / 9.00 (3.96) / 1-15 / 8.50 / 8.07 / 8.00 / <.001 / -.77
Social / Total / 9.52 (3.00) / 3-13 / 11.00 / 37.59 / 2.74 (2.46) / 0-9 / 2.00 / 15.20 / 32.50 / <.001 / -.77
Skills / Male / 8.55 (3.50) / 3-13 / 10.00 / 18.32 / 2.54 (2.18) / 0-9 / 2.00 / 7.58 / 7.50 / <.001 / -.76
Female / 10.42 (2.23) / 6-13 / 11.00 / 20.04 / 2.93 (2.76) / 0-8 / 2.00 / 7.89 / 5.50 / <.001 / -.80
Supplementary Data 2: Within Group Analysis; Whole Brain
Table S2a. Whole brain corrected onesample t-test. NT group
Contrast / Hemisphere / Region / BA / Volume (K) / Peak / t / px / y / z
ToM>Baseline / TOTAL / Right / Lingual / 18 / 7967 / 30 / -92 / -10 / 15.45 / <.001
Left / Inferior Occipital / 19 / 9589 / -42 / -78 / -4 / 14.52 / <.001
Right / Inferior Frontal (Triangularis) / 45 / 4457 / 56 / 30 / 10 / 11.87 / <.001
Left / Postcentral / 4 / 3879 / -54 / 0 / 36 / 9.65 / <.001
MALE / Right / Inferior Temporal / 37 / 4163 / 56 / -66 / -6 / 15.94 / <.001
Right / Inferior Frontal (Triangularis) / 45 / 1350 / 54 / 30 / 10 / 14.05 / <.001
Left / Superior Parietal / 7 / 1606 / -34 / -58 / 60 / 13.36 / <.001
Left / Inferior Occipital / 18 / 3150 / -40 / -90 / -6 / 13.15 / <.001
Right / Superior Parietal / 7 / 900 / 22 / -68 / 58 / 12.22 / <.001
Left / Cerebrellum / - / 548 / -10 / -72 / -46 / 11.09 / <.001
Right / Superior Frontal / 6 / 398 / 24 / -6 / 64 / 9.72 / 0.001
Left / Postcentral / 4 / 1057 / -54 / -2 / 38 / 9.44 / <.001
Left / Thalamus / - / 534 / -14 / -28 / 8 / 8.18 / <.001
FEMALE / Right / Middle Occipital / 17 / 2922 / 30 / -92 / -10 / 13.52 / <.001
Left / Inferior Occipital / 19 / 2890 / -38 / -82 / -6 / 13.16 / <.001
Left / Inferior Frontal (Triangularis) / 48 / 929 / -48 / 20 / 20 / 9.96 / <.001
Right / Inferior Frontal (Triangularis) / 45 / 1331 / 56 / 32 / 10 / 8.07 / <.001
Left / Supramarginal / 2 / 1557 / -54 / -32 / 34 / 7.41 / <.001
Right / Superior Parietal / 7 / 861 / 22 / -64 / 64 / 6.87 / <.001
Table S2a. Continued
Contrast / Hemisphere / Region / BA / Volume (K) / Peak / t / px / y / z
ToM>GD / TOTAL / Right / Middle Temporal / 21 / 3279 / 58 / -50 / 10 / 7.86 / <.001
Left / Inferior Temporal / 37 / 3615 / -52 / -58 / -4 / 7.83 / <.001
Left / Lingual / 18 / 363 / -30 / -94 / -10 / 5.65 / 0.025
Left / Supramarginal / 40 / 326 / -58 / -40 / 32 / 5.00 / 0.036
MALE / Right / Middle Temporal / 22 / 814 / 60 / -40 / 6 / 10.34 / <.001
Left / Inferior Temporal / 37 / 306 / -54 / -58 / 0 / 6.98 / 0.003
Right / Precuneus / - / 187 / 14 / -56 / 42 / 6.86 / 0.32
FEMALE / Left / Middle Temporal / 37 / 342 / -46 / -54 / 8 / 6.52 / 0.032
Right / Middle Temporal / 37 / 604 / 58 / -56 / 12 / 6.21 / 0.003
ToM>RD / TOTAL / Right / Middle Temporal / 20 / 3816 / 54 / -12 / -12 / 8.77 / <.001
Left / Inferior Temporal / 37 / 3754 / -56 / -52 / -2 / 8.24 / <.001
Right / Inferior Frontal (Triangularis) / 45 / 2221 / 54 / 26 / 10 / 7.02 / <.001
Right / Thalamus / - / 1201 / 8 / -12 / 6 / 6.1 / <.001
Left / Inferior Frontal (Triangularis) / 48 / 2143 / -50 / 16 / 24 / 5.69 / <.001
MALE / Right / Middle Temporal / 22 / 2438 / 62 / -44 / 8 / 15.26 / <.001
Right / Cerebellum / - / 210 / 24 / -70 / -44 / 10.39 / 0.030
Right / Inferior Frontal (Triangularis) / 45 / 281 / 56 / 26 / 10 / 8.69 / 0.008
Left / Middle Temporal / 37 / 619 / -42 / -46 / -2 / 8.66 / <.001
Right / Middle Temporal / 20 / 217 / 56 / -10 / -14 / 6.96 / 0.026
Left / Middle Temporal / 37 / 341 / -42 / -60 / 14 / 6.02 / 0.003
FEMALE / Left / Inferior Temporal / 21 / 616 / -56 / -50 / -6 / 8.59 / 0.003
Right / Rolandic Operculum / 48 / 345 / 54 / 20 / 20 / 5.22 / 0.035
Table S2b. Whole brain correctedonesample t-test. ASD group
Contrast / Hemisphere / Region / BA / Volume (K) / Peak / t / px / y / z
ToM>Baseline / TOTAL / Right / Cerebellum / 19 / 9250 / 46 / -74 / -12 / 17.45 / <.001
Left / Inferior occipital / 19 / 2588 / -40 / -82 / -6 / 14.58 / <.001
Left / Inferior Parietal / 40 / 3295 / -36 / -50 / 48 / 12.09 / <.001
Right / Superior Frontal / 6 / 1937 / 40 / -2 / 62 / 5.62 / <.001
Left / Precentral / 6 / 537 / -50 / 4 / 34 / 5.42 / 0.013
MALE / Right / Middle Temporal / 37 / 3584 / 44 / -60 / 2 / 19.88 / <.001
Left / Inferior Occipital / 19 / 1123 / -46 / -66 / -10 / 11.62 / <.001
Left / Superior Parietal / 7 / 1538 / -28 / -62 / 56 / 9.80 / <.001
FEMALE / Right / Middle Occipital / 19 / 8825 / 46 / -72 / -8 / 18.73 / <.001
Left / Inferior Occipital / 19 / 2747 / -40 / -82 / -6 / 14.51 / <.001
Left / Inferior Parietal / 40 / 1198 / -36 / -50 / 48 / 13.34 / <.001
Right / Lingual / 27 / 252 / 16 / -30 / -2 / 10.79 / 0.035
Right / Precentral / 6 / 1220 / 52 / 6 / 34 / 8.66 / <.001
ToM>GD / TOTAL / Right / Middle Temporal / 21 / 1618 / 60 / -48 / 6 / 7.35 / <.001
Right / Lingual / 18 / 425 / 34 / -88 / -10 / 7.34 / 0.038
Left / Middle Temporal / 37 / 860 / -52 / -62 / 14 / 6.14 / 0.002
MALE / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
FEMALE / Right / Middle Temporal / 37 / 2718 / 48 / -64 / 12 / 12.22 / <.001
Right / Fusiform / 20 / 692 / 42 / -38 / -18 / 8.73 / <.001
Left / Middle Temporal / 37 / 658 / -52 / -60 / 8 / 7.80 / <.001
Right / Inferior Frontal (Opercularis) / 48 / 223 / 34 / 12 / 24 / 7.69 / 0.041
Table S2b. Continued
Contrast / Hemisphere / Region / BA / Volume (K) / Peak / t / px / y / z
ToM>RD / TOTAL / Left / Middle Temporal / 21 / 739 / -58 / -54 / 18 / 6.59 / 0.011
Left / Superior Temporal / 22 / 716 / 62 / -48 / 22 / 3.81 / 0.013
MALE / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
FEMALE / Left / Middle Temporal / 37 / 723 / -44 / -58 / 16 / 9.93 / <.001
Right / Superior Temporal / 22 / 1969 / 62 / -48 / 20 / 4.92 / <.001
Right / Precuneus / - / 318 / 14 / -50 / 44 / 4.78 / 0.026
Figure S1. One-sample t-test activation maps for contrasts; a) Theory of Mind > Baseline, b) Theory of Mind >Goal Directed, and c) Theory of Mind >Random Movement. Images are presented in neurological view.