Supplemental Table 4. Design and Intervention Characteristics of Studies

Supplemental Table 4. Design and Intervention Characteristics of Studies

Author, Year / No. of Patients / Design / Population Group(s) (LEP) / Study Setting / Intervention
(Comparison Group) / Length of Study / Frequency of Intervention / Intervention Personnel / Outcomes Examined
Randomized Controlled Trials
Anderson et al, 2010 (1) / 488 / RCT / Hispanic African-Americans (52%) / Community health center / Multicomponent
Telephone-based intervention
DM self-management program
(Usual care) / 12 mo / Weekly, biweekly, or monthly / Nurse / HbA1c
BMI or weight
BP
Physical activity
Diet
Ayala et al, 2015 (3) / 336 / RCT / Hispanic (NR) / Federally qualified health centers / Social support, linkages to health systems
DM self-management
(Usual care) / 12 mo / 2-4 weekly contacts / Volunteer peer leader / HbA1c
DM self-care
Health care utilization
Babamoto et al, 2009 (2) / 189 / RCT / Hispanic (>97%) / Inner-city family health clinics / Case management
DM self-management program
3 groups: Case management, CHW, and standard provider care / 6 mo / 10 weekly education program and follow-up telephone calls / Case manager
CHW / HbA1c
BMI or weight
Emergency department utilization
Medication adherence
Borges and Ostwald, 2008 (5) / 167 / RCT / Hispanic (40%) / Emergency department / DM self-management program or training
(Usual care) / 1 mo / 5-min foot assessment
15-min video / Researcher / Health behavior or self-care
Brown et al, 2002 (6) / 256 / Prospective, randomized, nested repeated measures cohort / Hispanic (90%) / Primary care clinics / Support group
DM self-management program
DM education
(Usual care) / 12 mo / Weekly sessions for 3 mo
Biweekly sessions for 6 mo
Monthly support groups for 3 mo / CHW
Dietitian
Nurse / HbA1c
Blood glucose
DM knowledge
FBG
Lipids
Self-efficacy
Social support
Brown et al, 2005 (7) / 216 / Randomized comparison of 2 DM self-management programs / Hispanic (56%) / Primary care clinics / DM self-management program
DM education / 12 mo / Extended: 24h education, 28h support group
Compressed: 16 h education, 16h support group / Dietitian nurse
Patient navigator / HbA1c
Blood glucose
BMI or weight
DM knowledge
Brown et al, 2007 (8) / 216 / Prospective cohort, quasi-experimental repeated measures / Hispanic (56%) / Community center / DM self-management program: extended vs compressed
Support group
DM education / 12 mo / Extended: 24h education, 28h support group
Compressed: 16 h education, 16 h support group / Dietitian CHW
Nurse / HbA1c
Health belief
Castejon et al, 2013 (9) / 43 / RCT / Latino (80%) / Teaching hospital, underserved patients / DM self-management program
Culturally tailored intervention
(Usual care) / 3 mo / One half-day of education / Pharmacist / Blood glucose
BMI or weight
BP
Lipids
Chamany et al, 2015 (4) / 941 / RCT / Hispanic blacks (55%) / New York city, DM registry / DM education / 12 mo / Telephone calls every 6 to 12 wk / DM educator / HbA1c
Behavior
Psychosocial
DM self-care
Medication adherence
Corkery et al, 1997 (10) / 64 / RCT / Hispanic (74%) / Tertiary care teaching hospital / DM education
(Usual care) / 0.9-5.4 mo / Varied / CHW
DM educator / HbA1c
Health behavior or self-care
DM knowledge
Duggan et al, 2014 (11) / 320 / Parallel 2-arm RCT / Hispanic (NR) / Community health clinic or center / CHW, DM education or curriculum, home-based intervention
(Delayed intervention) / 6 mo / 5 guided education sessions / CHW / HbA1c
Physical activity
Diet
Blood glucose
Palmas et al, 2014 (12) / 360 / RCT / Hispanic (NR) / Metropolitan area / CHW
(Enhanced usual care) / 12 mo / 4 face-to-face; 10 group sessions; 10 telephone calls over 12 mo / CHW / HbA1c
Glasgow et al, 2012 (13) / 463 / RCT / Hispanic (NR) / Primary care clinic / Intervention: 3-arm RCT: 1) usual care, 2) computer assisted self-management, 3) Computer assisted self-management plus follow-up telephone calls / 12 mo / Computer assisted self-management / Peer mentor / HbA1c
Lipids
Diet
Physical activity
QoL
Self-efficacy
Heisler et al, 2014 (14) / 188 / Randomized, 2-group trial; measures before and after intervention / Hispanic and African Americans (52%) / Community health clinic or center / CHW
Culturally tailored DM medication decision aid intervention (iDecide) vs printed material / 6 wk / Initial face-to-face session, 1.5-2 h; telephone calls at 3 and 6 wks / CHW / DM medication-related knowledge
Satisfaction with DM medications
Decisional conflicts regarding DM medications
Kim et al, 2009 (15) / 79 / RCT
2 groups, intervention vs control (delayed intervention) / Korean American (NR) / Community health clinic or center / Multicomponent: DM education, home blood glucose monitoring with teletransmission, nurse telephone counseling
(Delayed intervention) / 6 wk / Weekly 2-h sessions / Dietitian nurse / HbA1c
Health behavior or self-care
DM knowledge
QoL
Self-efficacy
Lujan et al, 2007 (16) / 150 / Randomized, 2-group trial (intervention and control) / Hispanic, Mexican American (97%) / Catholic-based faith clinic / Culturally tailored intervention
DM self-management program
(Usual care) / 6 mo / Weekly, 2-h group classes for 8 wk, plus biweekly telephone follow-up and reinforcement
Biweekly postcards for 16 wk with inspirational, faith-based health behavior change messages / CHW / HbA1c
DM knowledge
Self-efficacy
Prezio et al, 2013 (17) / 180 / RCT / Mexican American (NR) / Urban, faith-based, community health service / CHW
Culturally tailored intervention
DM education and curriculum
Multicomponent
(Usual care) / 12 mo / 7 h over 12 mo / CHW / HbA1c
BP
BMI or weight
Lipids
Schillinger et al, 2009 (18) / 339 / RCT with 3 groups—
1) Telephone and nurse follow-up
2) Group medical visits
3) Usual care / Diverse (55%) / Community health clinic or center / Telephone-based intervention
DM self-management program and training
(Usual care) / 12 mo / Weekly, monthly / Nurse
Physician
DM educator / Health behavior and self-care
HbA1c
BMI or weight
BP
Physical activity and exercise
Shea, 2007 (19) / 1,665 / RCT / Diverse (37%) / Teaching hospital and primary care clinics / Case manager
Home telemedicine monitoring unit (video monitoring, patient online portal, glucose monitoring, educational website access)
(Usual care) / 12 mo / Every 4-6 mo / Case manager / BP
HbA1c
Lipids
Spencer et al, 2011 (20) / 164 / RCT / African-American and Latino (41%) / Community health clinic or center / CHW
Culturally tailored intervention / 6 mo / Biweekly, 2-h group sessions for 11 wk
Telephone calls / CHW / HbA1c
Tang et al, 2014 (21) / 116 / RCT with 2 groups—
1) DSME and peer education group meeting
2) DSME and CHW monthly telephone calls / Latino (86%) / Community health clinic or center / Telephone-based intervention
CHW
Multicomponent
DM self-care education program / 18 mo / Weekly vs monthly
6-mo DSME program, then 12 mo of weekly group sessions by peer leader
OR 6-mo DSME program, then 12 mo of telephone outreach / CHW
Peer leader / HbA1c
Lipids
BMI or weight
Toobert et al, 2011 (22) / 280 / RCT comparing intervention and control groups / Latina (16%) / Metropolitan area / Multicomponent
Lifestyle support
Support group
Culturally adapted education
(Usual care) / 12 mo / 2.5-d retreat followed by weekly sessions for 6 mo, then biweekly sessions for 6 mo / Unspecified / Health behavior or self-care
QoL
HbA1c
Diet
Health status
Physical activity and exercise
Toobert et al, 2011 (23) / 280 / RCT / Latina (16%) / Metropolitan area / Multicomponent
Support group
Lifestyle support
(Usual care) / 24 mo / Weekly to biweekly to monthly to bimonthly / Unspecified / Health behavior and self-care
QoL
HbA1c
Diet
Health status
Physical activity and exercise
Trief et al, 2013 (24) / 1,665 / RCT / Diverse (37%) / Teaching hospital / Case manager
Home telemedicine monitoring unit (video monitoring, patient online portal, glucose monitoring, educational website access)
(Usual care) / 5 y / Every 4-6 wk / Case manager
Dietitian / HbA1c
Health behavior and self-care
BP
Weinstock et al, 2011 (25) / 1,665 / RCT / Diverse (37%) / Teaching hospital and primary care clinics / Case manager
Home telemedicine monitoring unit (video monitoring, patient online portal, glucose monitoring, educational website access)
(Usual care) / 5 y / Every 4-6 wk / DM educator / HbA1c
BMI or weight
Other
QoL
Health status
Welch et al, 2011 (26) / 46 / RCT (intervention vs attention control) / Hispanic (NR) / Community health clinic or center / DM education and curriculum
Culturally tailored intervention
(Attention control) / 12 mo / 7 1-h visits over 12 mo / Nurse / HbA1c
BP
Health status
Observational Studies
Banister et al, 2004 (27) / 70 / Cohort with measures before and after intervention / Hispanic African-Americans (NR) / Community clinics / DM self-management program
Support group
DM education / 2-12 mo / 1 class; monthly meetings / Dietitian
DM educator / HbA1c
BMI or weight
Medication adherence
Barrera et al, 2014 (28) / 142 / Cohort with measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (>50%) / Metropolitan area / Culturally adapted Mediterranean lifestyle support
Support group / 6 mo / 2.5-d retreat, then
Weekly 4-h meetings / Dietitian
Physical therapist / HbA1c
Social support
Physical activity
Brown et al, 2011 (44) / 165 / Two groups, measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (61%) / Community health clinic or center / DM self-management program, with or without case management / 6 mo / 8 weekly DM self-management classes, then 3 monthly support groups OR
5 contacts by nurse case manager / Dietician
CHW
Nurse / HbA1c
Blood glucose
BMI or weight
Physical activity
Diet
Clingerman, 2008 (29) / 136 / Retrospective cohort study / Hispanic (NR) / Community health clinic or center / Diabetes Health Disparities Collaborative initiative, monitoring and documenting DM disparities
(Not enrolled into a program) / 3 mo / NA / Unspecified / HbA1c
BMI or weight
BP
Cruz et al, 2013 (30) / 532 / 1 experimental group, measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (71%) / Community health clinic or center / DM education / 1.5 h / One 90-min class / CHW / DM knowledge
Culhane-Pera et al, 2005 (45) / 39 (of 277) / Measures before and after intervention / Hmong (90%) / Community health center / Support group
(Nonparticipants) / 13 mo / 7 visits over 13 mo / Unspecified / Physical health
Mental health
Health behavior
Culica et al, 2008 (31) / 55 / Measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (40%) / Community health clinic or center / Culturally appropriate DM education
(Compared with dropouts) / 12 mo / Three 60-min individual education sessions / CHW / HbA1c
Davidson, 2003 (32) / 713 / Measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (NR) / County clinics / Nurse-led DM care
(Usual care) / 6 mo / Unspecified / Nurse / HbA1c
de Peralta et al, 2005 (46) / 100 / 2 groups, measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (NR) / Community health clinic or center / Culturally tailored DM education
(Compared with class nonattendees) / “Several” mo / 1 class / DM educator / HbA1c
Garvin et al, 2004 (33) / 1,004 / One group, measures before and after intervention / Hispanic, Cambodian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Vietnamese, African Americans (NR) / Community health clinic or center / Multicomponent: DM education classes and support groups
Intervention included support group, peer education, education classes, self-management classes, enhanced use of DM registry, and care coordination for select patients / 12 mo / Attended at least 1 education class and support group / Peer educator / Health behavior or self-care
Physical activity
Diet
Self-efficacy
Social support
Gilmer et al, 2005 (47) / 348 / Two groups, measures before and after intervention, with historical cohort control / Hispanic (primary), white, Asian, African American (NR) / Community health clinic or center / Multicomponent
(Historical controls) / 12 mo / Average of 5 nurse case management visits plus average of 4 group classes plus 1 dietician visit
Optional self-management group visits / Nurse dietitian
Patient navigator / HbA1c
BP
Lipids
Other
Gold et al, 2008 (48) / 44 / Case control / Hispanic (NR) / Teaching hospital / DM education
DM self-management program
Multicomponent intervention: synchronizing regularly scheduled provider visits with a multidisciplinary DM education program vs usual care
(Usual care) / 9 mo / 2 group DM training sessions plus 1 session each with a social worker or dietician (in addition to PCP visits in both groups) / DM educator
Dietitian / HbA1c
Haltiwanger and Brutus, 2012 (49) / 42 / Measures before and after intervention, randomized, 4-group design with qualitative focus groups / Hispanic (69%) / Community health clinic or center / Support group
DM education
(Usual care) / 6 mo / Weekly 1.5-h discussions / DM educator
Other / HbA1c
Blood glucose
Physical activity
Diet
Self-efficacy
Hu et al, 2014 (34) / 36 patients plus 37 family members / Measures before and after intervention (1 mo) / Hispanic, implied most or all (>50%) / Community health clinic or center / DM education
Culturally tailored intervention
Other / 8 wk / 2 family sessions
8 weekly group sessions / Nurse
DM educator / Blood glucose
Physical activity
Diet
BMI or weight
HbA1c
Cholesterol
Other
DM knowledge
Self-efficacy
Social support
QoL
Health behavior or self-care
Joshu et al, 2007 (35) / 301 / Prospective, longitudinal, within-subject (baseline, 3 mo, 12 mo) / Hispanic, implied (NR) / Community health clinic or center / DM self-management program / 12 mo / Weekly 2.5-h discussions / CHW / HbA1c
Lipids
Kane et al, 2016 (36) / 885 / Prospective cohort / Hispanic (NR) / Primary care clinics in 1 health system / DM education
Self-management
Social support / 12 mo / 7 sessions / CHW / HbA1c
BP
BMI
Patient-reported outcomes: DM knowledge, perceived competence for DM management
DM QoL
Kenya et al, 2014 (37) / 117 / Ancillary study of intervention-arm only in a larger RCT
Mixed methods / Hispanic, hetero-geneous (NR) / Teaching hospital / CHW
Culturally tailored DM self-management program / 12 mo / Initial home visit
Accompany to medical or social service appointments / CHW / HbA1c
Blood glucose
Health behavior or self-care
Leal and Soto, 2008 (38) / 601 / Prospective program evaluation / Hispanic and Native American (NR) / Community health clinic or center / Pharmacist-led collaborative drug therapy management, included patient education and coordination of care / Un-specified / Continuous lab monitoring, modification of drug therapy, monitoring medication compliance / Pharmacist
Nurse
Physician / HbA1c
Lipids
BP
Metghalchi et al, 2008 (39) / 34 / Prospective cohort / Hispanic (NR) / Teaching hospital / DM education curriculum
DM self-management program and training
Culturally tailored intervention
Nurse-led DM care / 3 mo / Once weekly for 3 mo / Physician
Nurse
Dietitian
Other / Blood glucose
BMI or weight
HbA1c
Lipids
Other
Ryabov, 2010 (50) / 30 / Case control / Mexican American (NR) / Community health clinics / Multicomponent
CHW
Culturally tailored intervention
DM education and curriculum
DM self-management program and training
Other
(Usual care) / 2 y / Monthly home visits / CHW / HbA1c
BMI or weight
DM knowledge
Health behavior and self-care
Self-efficacy
Sachmechi et al, 2013 (51) / 188 / Retrospective cohort study (3-group comparison) / African American, Asian, White, Hispanic, Indian (NR) / Teaching hospital / Support group, DM education and curriculum
(Usual care) / 8-19 mo / Monthly sessions / DM educator / BMI or weight
BP
HbA1c
Lipids
Salto et al, 2011 (40) / 39 / Cohort, measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (90%) / Teaching hospital / Culturally tailored intervention
DM education and curriculum / 3 mo / 4, 2-h DM education sessions / Dietitian
DM educator
Nurse / Diet
Lipids
Tomioka et al, 2014 (41) / 96 / One group, measures before and after intervention / Asian, Pacific Islander (67%) / Community clinic / DM self-management program and training / 6 mo / Six weekly 2.5-h sessions / Diabetes self-management program facilitator / HbA1c
Blood glucose
BP
Lipids
Health behavior or self-care
BMI or weight
Tsui et al, 2013 (52) / 141 / Case-control study / Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Vietnamese, Samoan, Tongan (65.7%) / Community health clinic or center / Telephone-based intervention
Population health management intervention (counseling, education, follow-up appointments) / 12 mo follow-up / Unspecified / Clinical team / BP
HbA1c
Valen et al, 2012 (42) / 3 / Measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (NR) / Community health clinic or center / CHW / 6 sessions / Weekly / CHW / DM knowledge
Vincent, 2009 (53) / 17 / Measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (NR) / Community health clinic or center / Culturally tailored intervention
(Usual care) / 8 wk / Weekly / Promotora
Dietitian
Nurse / DM knowledge
Health behavior and self-care
Blood glucose
HbA1c
BMI or weight
Weltin and Lavin, 2012 (54) / 17 / Case-control with measures before and after intervention / Marshallese (64.7%) / Community health clinic or center / Participation in community gardening
(Nonparticipants) / 26 mo / Weekly / DM educator
Nurse / BMI or weight
HbA1c
Lipids
BP
Wheeler et al, 2012 (43) / 39 / Cohort with measures before and after intervention / Hispanic (89.7%) / Tertiary care hospital / Culturally tailored intervention / 12 mo / Weekly / Dietitian
Nurse
Physician
Other / Physical activity and exercise
Blood glucose
HbA1c
BMI or weight

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CHW, community health worker; DM, diabetes mellitus; DSME, diabetes self-management education; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LEP, limited English proficiency; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; PCP, primary care physician; QoL, quality of life; RCT, randomized controlled trial.