Supplemental Table 1. Regression coefficients (95% CI) for depression (age 17) and changes in anxiety between ages 12 and 14 years according to parent and adolescent reports on the family environment at 12 years of age (n = 824).

Depression c / Anxiety d
Minimal a / Full adjustment b / Minimal a / Full adjustment b
β / 95% CI / β / 95% CI / β / 95% CI / β / 95% CI
Parent reports
Family Environment Scale
Cohesion / -1.17 / -1.79, -0.56 *** / -0.80 / -1.43, -0.17 * / 0.45 / -0.10, 0.81 / 0.46 / -0.09, 0.84
Expressiveness / 0.61 / -0.04, 1.26 / 0.42 / -0.24, 1.07 / -0.16 / -0.54, 0.22 / -0.22 / -0.61, 0.17
Conflict / -0.43 / -1.07, 0.22 / -0.69 / -1.34, 0.03 / 0.33 / -0.04, 0.71 / 0.33 / -0.06, 0.72
Independence / -0.01 / -0.64, 0.63 / -0.16 / -0.80, 0.48 / 0.08 / -0.30, 0.45 / 0.03 / -0.35, 0.41
Achievement Orientation / 0.69 / 0.01, 1.37 * / 0.81 / 0.11, 1.51 * / 0.01 / -0.39, 0.41 / 0.08 / -0.34, 0.49
Intellectual-Cultural Orientation / -0.44 / -1.07, 0.20 / -0.20 / -0.85, 0.47 / 0.46 / 0.09, 0.84 * / 0.44 / 0.05, 0.83 *
Moral-Religious Emphasis / -0.86 / -1.46, -0.25 ** / -0.38 / -1.02, 0.22 / -0.27 / -0.62, 0.09 / -0.17 / -0.56, 0.21
Control / 0.50 / -0.28, 1.28 / 0.38 / -0.39, 1.16 / -0.53 / -0.98, -0.07 * / -0.51 / -0.98, -0.06 *
Psychological symptoms
Depressive symptoms d / 0.24 / -0.02, 0.45 / 0.03 / -0.09, 0.16
Disordered eating behaviours and symptoms e / -0.02 / -0.08, 0.05 / -0.01 / -0.05, 0.03
Adolescent reports
Perceived family cohesion at 12 years / -3.77 / -5.05, -2.48 *** / -0.30 / -0.47, 1.07
Change in perceived family cohesion
between 12-14 years of age
/ -1.75 / -2.89, -0.61 ** / -0.05 / -0.73, 0.63

Note: a Minimal adjustment: FES subscales completed by parents; b Minimal plus: parental depressive symptoms, parental disordered eating behaviours and symptoms, FACES III cohesion subscale, change in FACES cohesion sub-scale, age, race, maturational stage, parental education, and number of parents in the household; c CES-D assessed at 17 years of age; d Parents depressive symptoms were assessed when girls were 10 years of age; e Parents Eating Disorder Inventory Scores does not include body dissatisfaction.

Abbreviations: FACES III = Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale version III; CES-D = Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; RCMAS-2 = Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale; CI = confidence interval. * P<0.05; ** P <0.01; *** P <0.001.

Supplemental Table 2. Regression coefficients (95% CI) for a change in eating disorder symptoms and self-worth between 12 and 14 years according to parent and adolescent reports on the family environment at 12 years of age (n = 824)

Disordered eating symptoms and behaviours / Global self-worth c
Minimal a / Adjusted b / Minimal a / Adjusted b
β / 95% CI / β / 95% CI / β / 95% CI / β / 95% CI
Parent reports
Family Environment Scale
Cohesion / 0.77 / -0.27, 1.81 / 0.78 / -0.30, 1.86 / -0.04 / -0.08, 0.01 / -0.03 / -0.07, 0.01
Expressiveness / -0.43 / -1.53, 0.67 / -0.71 / -1.84, 0.40 / 0.03 / -0.01, 0.08 / 0.05 / 0.01, 0.09 *
Conflict / 0.85 / -0.24, 1.93 / 0.81 / -0.32, 1.93 / -0.03 / -0.07, 0.02 / -0.01 / -0.05, 0.04
Independence / 0.14 / -0.93, 1.21 / 0.02 / -1.07, 1.12 / 0.02 / -0.02, 0.07 / 0.02 / -0.02, 0.07
Achievement Orientation / -0.89 / -2.04, 0.26 / -0.51 / -1.71, 0.69 / 0.03 / -0.02, 0.07 / -0.01 / -0.05, 0.05
Intellectual-Cultural Orientation / 1.50 / 0.43, 2.57 ** / 1.48 / 0.36, 2.60 * / -0.05 / -0.10, -0.01 * / -0.05 / -0.10, -0.01 **
Moral-Religious Emphasis / -1.30 / -2.34, -0.26 * / -0.63 / -1.72, 0.47 / 0.07 / 0.03, 0.12 * / 0.04 / -0.01, 0.09
Control / -0.48 / -1.80, 0.84 / -0.45 / -1.78, 0.88 / -0.04 / -0.09, 0.02 / -0.02 / -0.07, 0.03
Psychological symptoms
Depressive symptoms d / -0.20 / -0.28, 0.38 / -0.02 / -0.03, -0.01 *
Disordered eating behaviours and symptoms e / 0.03 / -0.06, 0.16 / -0.01 / -0.01, 0.01
Adolescent reports
Perceived family cohesion at 12 years / - / -1.34 / -3.55, 0.87 / - / -0.05 / -0.13, 0.04
Change in perceived family cohesion
between 12-14 years of age / - / -1.10 / -3.06, 0.86 / - / 0.15 / 0.08, 0.23 ***

Note: a Minimal adjustment: FES subscales completed by parents; b Minimal plus: parental depressive symptoms, parental disordered eating behaviours and symptoms, FACES III cohesion subscale, change in FACES cohesion sub-scale, age, race, maturational stage, parental education, number of parents in the household and body mass index at 12 years of age. c Global self-worth scale from Harter's Self-Perception Profile; d Parents depressive symptoms were assessed when girls were 10 years of age; e Parents Eating Disorder Inventory Scores does not include body dissatisfaction.

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval. *P<0.05; ** P <0.01; *** P <0.001.