Supplemental Table 1. Baseline characteristics of mild stroke patients by outcome status

mRS 0-1
(n = 1,621) / mRS 2-6
(n = 588) / P-value
Demographics
Age / 63 ± 13 / 68 ± 13 / <0.001
Male / 1,077 (66.4) / 332 (56.5) / <0.001
Admission characteristics
Onset to arrival time, minutes / 107 (55–175) / 135 (65–202) / <0.001
Risk factors
Hypertension / 1,017 (62.7) / 403 (68.5) / 0.012
DM / 384 (23.7) / 204 (34.7) / <0.001
Hyperlipidemia / 536 (33.1) / 171 (29.1) / 0.076
Smoking / 461 (28.4) / 131 (22.3) / 0.004
Atrial fibrillation / 283 (17.5) / 105 (17.9) / 0.83
History of stroke / 197 (12.2) / 123 (20.9) / <0.001
History of CAD / 128 (7.9) / 63 (10.7) / 0.037
Laboratory findings
SBP, mmHg / 150 ± 27 / 150 ± 29 / 0.77
Hemoglobin, g/dL / 14.0 ± 1.8 / 13.6 ± 1.9 / <0.001
Platelet, k/mm3 / 230 ± 70 / 227 ± 78 / 0.39
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL / 112 ± 42 / 126 ± 52 / <0.001
BUN / 16.5 ± 8.2 / 16.6 ± 8.6 / 0.81
Creatinine / 1.02 ± 1.10 / 0.97 ± 0.96 / 0.34
Total cholesterol, mg/dL / 177 ± 40 / 175 ± 41 / 0.24
Stroke characteristics
Baseline NIHSS score, median (IQR) / 1 (0–1) / 2 (1–3) / <0.001
Stroke subtype / 0.007
LAA / 511 (31.5) / 228 (38.8)
SVO / 335 (20.7) / 95 (16.2)
CE / 341 (20.4) / 112 (19.1)
UDE or ODE / 434 (26.8) / 153 (26.0)
SYSO / 534 (32.9) / 233 (39.6) / 0.004
Pre-stroke medication
Antiplatelet / 452 (27.9) / 168 (28.6) / 0.75
Anticoagulant / 76 (4.7) / 37 (6.3) / 0.130
Statin / 284 (17.5) / 84 (14.3) / 0.071

Values are numbers of patients (%), mean ± standard deviation or median (IQR), unless otherwise indicated.

DM, diabetes mellitus; CAD, coronary artery disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; IQR, interquartile range; LAA, large-artery atherosclerosis; SVO, small-vessel occlusion; CE, cardioembolism; UDE, stroke of undetermined etiology; ODE, stroke of other determined etiologies; and SYSO, symptomatic stenosis or occlusion of the major cerebral arteries.

Supplemental Table 2. Factors affecting functional outcomes after mild ischemic stroke in multivariable analysis with all individual NIHSS items (Model 5)

Coefficient / Standardized coefficient / SE / OR / 95% CI
Lower Upper / p-value
Age / 0.03 / 0.20 / 0.00 / 1.03 / 1.02 / 1.04 / <0.001
Male / -0.48 / -0.13 / 0.13 / 0.62 / 0.49 / 0.79 / <0.001
Onset to arrival time, minutes / 0.00 / 0.04 / 0.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 0.13
Hypertension / -0.09 / -0.02 / 0.12 / 0.92 / 0.72 / 1.16 / 0.46
DM / 0.23 / 0.06 / 0.13 / 1.25 / 0.97 / 1.63 / 0.09
Dyslipidemia / -0.23 / -0.06 / 0.14 / 0.79 / 0.60 / 1.04 / 0.10
Smoking / -0.03 / -0.01 / 0.14 / 0.97 / 0.74 / 1.27 / 0.82
History of stroke / 0.69 / 0.13 / 0.15 / 2.00 / 1.49 / 2.69 / <0.001
History of CAD / 0.37 / 0.06 / 0.19 / 1.45 / 1.01 / 2.09 / 0.05
SYSO / 0.07 / 0.02 / 0.12 / 1.08 / 0.85 / 1.37 / 0.55
Anticoagulant / 0.27 / 0.03 / 0.25 / 1.31 / 0.81 / 2.12 / 0.28
Statin / -0.46 / -0.10 / 0.19 / 0.63 / 0.44 / 0.91 / 0.01
Stroke subtype
LAA / 0.45 / 0.12 / 0.17 / 1.57 / 1.11 / 2.21 / 0.01
SVO / Ref / Ref / Ref
CE / -0.15 / -0.03 / 0.19 / 0.86 / 0.59 / 1.25 / 0.43
UDE or ODE / 0.36 / 0.09 / 0.17 / 1.43 / 1.02 / 2.01 / 0.04
Hemoglobin, g/dL / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.03 / 1.02 / 0.95 / 1.09 / 0.61
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL / 0.00 / 0.12 / 0.00 / 1.01 / 1.00 / 1.01 / <0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL / 0.00 / -0.02 / 0.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 0.53
NIHSS item
1a, LOC / 0.75 / 0.05 / 0.43 / 2.13 / 0.91 / 4.99 / 0.08
1b, LOC / 0.79 / 0.06 / 0.41 / 2.20 / 0.98 / 4.91 / 0.06
1c, LOC / 0.07 / 0.00 / 0.59 / 1.07 / 0.34 / 3.40 / 0.91
2, gaze / 0.91 / 0.07 / 0.33 / 2.49 / 1.30 / 4.78 / 0.01
3, visual / 1.10 / 0.11 / 0.27 / 3.01 / 1.78 / 5.09 / <0.001
4, facial palsy / 0.37 / 0.08 / 0.14 / 1.45 / 1.11 / 1.90 / 0.01
5a, left arm / 0.77 / 0.13 / 0.21 / 2.16 / 1.44 / 3.24 / <0.001
5b, right arm / 0.34 / 0.05 / 0.22 / 1.40 / 0.91 / 2.16 / 0.12
6a, left leg / 0.10 / 0.02 / 0.21 / 1.10 / 0.74 / 1.65 / 0.64
6b, right leg / 0.69 / 0.11 / 0.22 / 1.99 / 1.30 / 3.05 / <0.001
7, limb ataxia / 0.96 / 0.16 / 0.16 / 2.61 / 1.89 / 3.60 / <0.001
8, sensory / 0.31 / 0.06 / 0.15 / 1.37 / 1.02 / 1.84 / 0.03
9, language / 0.24 / 0.02 / 0.29 / 1.27 / 0.72 / 2.24 / 0.40
10, dysarthria / 0.65 / 0.17 / 0.12 / 1.92 / 1.52 / 2.43 / <0.001
11, extinction / 0.04 / 0.00 / 0.44 / 1.04 / 0.44 / 2.47 / 0.92

DM, diabetes mellitus; CAD, coronary artery disease; LAA, large-artery atherosclerosis; SVO, small-vessel occlusion; CE, cardioembolism; UDE, stroke of undetermined etiology; ODE, stroke of other determined etiologies; SYSO, symptomatic stenosis or occlusion of the major cerebral arteries; and NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.

Supplemental Table 3. Factors affecting functional outcomes after mild ischemic stroke in multivariable analysis with the total NIHSS score (Model 6)

Coefficient / Standardized coefficient / SE / OR / 95% CI
Lower Upper / p-value
Age / 0.03 / 0.20 / 0.00 / 1.03 / 1.02 / 1.04 / <0.001
Male / -0.43 / -0.12 / 0.12 / 0.65 / 0.51 / 0.83 / 0.001
Onset to arrival time, minutes / 0.00 / 0.05 / 0.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 0.089
Hypertension / -0.07 / -0.02 / 0.12 / 0.93 / 0.74 / 1.17 / 0.53
DM / 0.23 / 0.06 / 0.13 / 1.26 / 0.97 / 1.62 / 0.081
Dyslipidemia / -0.20 / -0.05 / 0.14 / 0.82 / 0.63 / 1.08 / 0.161
Smoking / -0.04 / -0.01 / 0.14 / 0.96 / 0.73 / 1.26 / 0.76
History of stroke / 0.68 / 0.13 / 0.15 / 1.98 / 1.48 / 2.66 / <0.001
History of CAD / 0.34 / 0.05 / 0.19 / 1.41 / 0.98 / 2.03 / 0.066
SYSO / 0.08 / 0.02 / 0.12 / 1.09 / 0.86 / 1.38 / 0.50
Anticoagulant / 0.25 / 0.03 / 0.24 / 1.29 / 0.80 / 2.08 / 0.30
Statin / -0.48 / -0.10 / 0.19 / 0.62 / 0.43 / 0.90 / 0.011
Stroke subtype
LAA / 0.43 / 0.11 / 0.17 / 1.54 / 1.10 / 2.16 / 0.013
SVO / Ref / Ref / Ref
CE / -0.16 / -0.04 / 0.19 / 0.85 / 0.59 / 1.23 / 0.40
UDE or ODE / 0.34 / 0.08 / 0.17 / 1.40 / 1.01 / 1.96 / 0.047
Hemoglobin, g/dL / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.03 / 1.01 / 0.95 / 1.08 / 0.70
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL / 0.00 / 0.12 / 0.00 / 1.01 / 1.00 / 1.01 / <0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL / 0.00 / -0.03 / 0.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 0.44
Total NIHSS score / 0.47 / 0.37 / 0.04 / 1.59 / 1.48 / 1.71 / <0.001

DM, diabetes mellitus; CAD, coronary artery disease; LAA, large-artery atherosclerosis; SVO, small-vessel occlusion; CE, cardioembolism; UDE, stroke of undetermined etiology; ODE, stroke of other determined etiologies; and SYSO, symptomatic stenosis or occlusion of the major cerebral arteries.

Supplemental Table 4. Factors affecting functional outcomes after mild ischemic stroke in multivariable analysis with clinical stroke syndromes (Model 10)

Coefficient / Standardized coefficient / SE / OR / 95% CI
Lower Upper / p-value
Age / 0.03 / 0.20 / 0.00 / 1.03 / 1.02 / 1.04 / 0.001
Male / -0.43 / -0.11 / 0.12 / 0.65 / 0.51 / 0.83 / 0.001
Onset to arrival time, minutes / 0.00 / 0.05 / 0.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 0.101
Hypertension / -0.08 / -0.02 / 0.12 / 0.93 / 0.74 / 1.17 / 0.527
DM / 0.23 / 0.06 / 0.13 / 1.26 / 0.97 / 1.62 / 0.082
Dyslipidemia / -0.19 / -0.05 / 0.14 / 0.82 / 0.63 / 1.09 / 0.168
Smoking / -0.05 / -0.01 / 0.14 / 0.96 / 0.73 / 1.25 / 0.736
History of stroke / 0.68 / 0.13 / 0.15 / 1.98 / 1.48 / 2.66 / 0.001
History of CAD / 0.35 / 0.05 / 0.19 / 1.42 / 0.99 / 2.04 / 0.060
SYSO / 0.08 / 0.02 / 0.12 / 1.08 / 0.85 / 1.38 / 0.511
Anticoagulant / 0.27 / 0.03 / 0.25 / 1.31 / 0.81 / 2.12 / 0.267
Statin / -0.48 / -0.10 / 0.19 / 0.62 / 0.43 / 0.89 / 0.001
Stroke subtype
LAA / 0.42 / 0.11 / 0.17 / 1.52 / 1.08 / 2.13 / 0.016
SVO / Ref / Ref
CE / -0.18 / -0.04 / 0.19 / 0.84 / 0.58 / 1.22 / 0.356
UDE or ODE / 0.33 / 0.08 / 0.17 / 1.39 / 1.00 / 1.95 / 0.053
Hemoglobin, g/dL / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.03 / 1.01 / 0.95 / 1.08 / 0.674
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL / 0.00 / 0.12 / 0.00 / 1.01 / 1.00 / 1.01 / 0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL / 0.00 / -0.03 / 0.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 0.412
Pure motor stroke / -0.01 / 0.00 / 0.18 / 0.99 / 0.69 / 1.42 / 0.959
Pure sensory stroke / -0.62 / -0.07 / 0.35 / 0.54 / 0.27 / 1.08 / 0.080
Brachial pattern of weakness / 0.11 / 0.01 / 0.26 / 1.11 / 0.67 / 1.86 / 0.684
Total NIHSS score / 0.46 / 0.37 / 0.04 / 1.58 / 1.46 / 1.71 / 0.001

DM, diabetes mellitus; CAD, coronary artery disease; LAA, large-artery atherosclerosis; SVO, small-vessel occlusion; CE, cardioembolism; UDE, stroke of undetermined etiology; ODE, stroke of other determined etiologies; and SYSO, symptomatic stenosis or occlusion of the major cerebral arteries.

Supplemental Figure 1. Flow diagram

Supplemental Figure 2. Predictive margins of unfavorable functional outcomes by initial NIHSS scores with 95% confidence intervals after adjustment