Supplemental material forTuberculosis: an Infection-Initiated Autoimmune Disease?

Paul Elkington1*, Marc Tebruegge1, Salah Mansour1

1NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK

*Address for correspondence:

Paul Elkington

Professor of Respiratory Medicine

Clinical and Experimental Sciences

University of Southampton

Mailpoint 811, Southampton General Hospital,

Southampton SO16 1YD

Tel 00 44 23 8079 6149

Fax 00 44 20 8383 3394

E-mail

Supplemental table 1: Additional references supporting the hypothesis that autoimmunity occurs in TB

Clinical observations / Authors / Year / DOI
Cavitation does not occur in advanced HIV infection, but may during immune reconstitution / Kwan, C.K. and Ernst, J.D. / 2011 / 10.1128/CMR.00042-10
Uveitis associates with TB and diverse autoimmune diseases / Cordero-Coma, M. et al. / 2010 / 10.1038/eye.2009.51
Erythema nodosum occurs in TB and several autoimmune diseases / Garcia-Porrua, C. et al. / 2000 / 10.1002/1529-0131(200003)43:3<584::AID-ANR15>3.0.CO;2-6
Erythema induratum is a vasculitis associated with TB / Cho, K.H. et al. / 1996 / PMID: 8915735
Poncet’s disease is a TB-related culture-negative polyarthritis / Rueda, J.C. et al. / 2013 / 10.1007/s10067-013-2270-y
Autoimmune-associated genotype is linked to disease severity in TB / Thye, T. et al. / 2009 / 10.1371/journal.pone.0006307
Autoreactive T cells are increased in patients with TB / Del Gallo, F. et al. / 1990 / PMID: 1690181
Anti-PD1 antibody treatment may associate with acute TB / Fujita, K. et al. / 2016 / 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.07.006
BCG treatment for bladder cancer can elicit autoimmunity / Shoenfeld, Y. et al. / 2001 / 10.1006/jaut.2000.0494
TB and sarcoidosis blood transcriptomes are highly similar / Koth, L.L. et al. / 2011 / 10.1164/rccm.201106-1143OC
Corticosteroids accelerate improvement of radiographic changes in pulmonary TB / Smego, R.A. and Ahmed, N. / 2003 / PMID: 12661833
Corticosteroids tend to reduce overall mortality in TB / Critchley, J.A. et al. / 2013 / 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70321-3
Experimental evidence
Immunosuppression can prevent cavitation in the rabbit model of TB / Yamamura, Y. et al. / 1974 / 10.1164/arrd.1974.109.6.594
Cross reactivity occurs between human and Mtb proteins / Esaguy, N. et al. / 1991 / PMID: 1900057
Mtb heat shock protein can induce autoimmune disease / Steinhoff, U. et al. / 1999 / PMID: 10514013
Glycerophospholipids are common to both humans and Mtb / Van Rhijn, I. and Moody, D.B. / 2015 / 10.1111/imr.12253
Mtb infection of macrophages disrupts host cell lipid metabolism / Lovewell, R.R. et al. / 2016 / 10.1016/j.mib.2015.10.002
CD1c presents cholesterol esters to self-reactive T cells / Mansour, S. et al. / 2016 / 10.1073/pnas.1519246113
Human CD1 transgenic mice T cell lines become autoreactive after Mtb stimulation / Felio, K. et al. / 2009 / 10.1084/jem.20090898