SUMMER ASSIGNMENT 2013
Welcome to A.P. Biology!
Please read Chapters 25, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 47 in the Campbell Biology textbook (9th edition) and answer the questions below for each chapter. All answers should be typed on a separate sheet of paper and written in complete sentences. You do not need to rewrite the questions. Please put your name on each sheet and title each sheet “A.P. Biology Summer Assignment”. The assignment is due on the first day of class in September, and all textbooks must be returned on that day.
Should you have any questions, please contact me at: .
Enjoy your summer, take care, relax, and see you in September.
CH. 25: The History of Life on Earth
1)What inorganic molecules existed in earth’s early atmosphere?
2)How was the amount of oxygen in the earth’s early atmosphere (primitive earth) different from the amount found today?
3)Describe the hypothesis proposed by Oparin & Haldane.
4)The Figure below depicts the experiment conducted by Stanley Miller & Harold Urey.
Read your text (p. 508) and conduct an internet search to answer the following questions:
a)Why did Miller/Urey place NH3, N2, CO2, CH4, and H2O in the chamber? What did he do to this chamber?
b)What was in Miller’s “Oceanic” compartment?
c)What substances were produced as a result of this experiment?
d)What was the purpose of Miller/Urey’s experiment?
5)What was the role of hot sand, clay, or rocks in the abiotic synthesis of RNA?
6)Explain how inorganic compounds can form monomers and then polymers which have the ability to self-replicate.
7)Describe how early vesicles could have formed (see p.509).
8)What does the RNA World hypothesis propose? Describe the evidence that suggests that RNA was the first genetic material. Explain the significance of the discovery of ribozymes.
9)Describe how natural selection may have favored the proliferation of stable protobionts with self-replicating, catalytic RNA.
10)Explain how index fossils can be used to determine the relative age of
fossil-bearing rock strata. Explain how radiometric dating can be used to determine the absolute age of rock strata. Explain how magnetism can be used to date rock strata.
11)Geological evidence provides support for models of the origin of life on Earth.
Approximately how long ago did Earth form?
The earliest fossil evidence of life on Earth dates to ______years ago.
12)Describe the mass extinctions of the Permian and Cretaceous periods. Discuss a hypothesis that accounts for each of these mass extinctions.
13)Describe the timing and significance of the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.
14)Explain the endosymbiont theory for the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Describe the evidence that supports this theory.
15)Describe the timing of key events in the evolution of the first eukaryotes and later multicellular eukaryotes.
16)Describe the key evolutionary adaptations that arose as life colonized land.
17)Explain how continental drift explains Australia’s unique flora and fauna.
18)How many mass extinctions have there been? Explain the possible causes and results of the Permian and Cretaceous mass extinction.
19)Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes. Explain the process of heterochrony and provide an example.
20)Refer to Figure 25.25: Is the loss of spines in Lake Stickleback fish due to a change in the DNA sequence or a change in the regulation of the expression of a particular gene, called Pitx1? Explain your answer.
21)Evolution is not goal oriented. Explain what this means.
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
1.Describe the need for circulatory and respiratory systems due to increasing animal body size.
2.Describe the general relationship between metabolic rates and the structure of the vertebrate circulatory system.
3.Using diagrams compare and contrast the circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, non-bird reptiles, and mammals or birds.
4.Describe the origin and pathway of the action potential (cardiac impulse) in the normal human heart.
5.Explain how the pace of the SA node can be modulated by nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise.
6.Explain how osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure regulate the exchange of fluid and solutes across capillaries.
7.Describe the composition of lymph and explain how the lymphatic system helps the normal functioning of the circulatory system. Explain the role of lymph nodes in body defense.
8.Describe the hormonal control of erythrocyte production...
9.Define gas exchange and distinguish between a respiratory medium and a respiratory surface.
10.Describe the general requirements for a respiratory surface and list a variety of respiratory organs that meet these requirements.
11.Describe respiratory adaptations of aquatic animals.
12.Describe the advantages and disadvantages of water as a respiratory medium.
13.Describe countercurrent exchange and explain why it is more efficient than the concurrent flow of water and blood.
14.Describe the advantages and disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium and explain how insect tracheal systems are adapted for efficient gas exchange in a terrestrial environment.
15.Explain how the respiratory systems of birds and mammals differ.
16.Define partial pressure and explain how it influences diffusion across respiratory surfaces.
17.Draw the Hb-oxygen dissociation curve, explain the significance of its shape, and explain how the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen changes with oxygen concentration.
18.Describe how carbon dioxide is picked up at the tissues and deposited in the lungs
19.Describe respiratory adaptations of diving mammals and the role of myoglobin.
Chapter 43: The Immune System
1.Explain what is meant by nonspecific defense and list the nonspecific lines of defense in the vertebrate body.
2.Distinguish between:
a.innate and acquired immunity
b.humoral and cell mediated response
3.Describe the inflammation response, including how it is triggered.
4.Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.
5.Explain how B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes recognize specific antigens.
6.Distinguish between primary and secondary immune responses.
7.Describe the cellular basis for immunological memory.
8.Describe the variation found in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its role in the rejection of tissue transplants. Explain the adaptive advantage of this variation.
9.Distinguish between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
10.Describe the roles of helper T lymphocytes in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
11.Describe the functions of the proteins CD4 and CD8.
12.Explain how cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells defend against tumors.
13.Explain why macrophages are regarded as the main antigen-presenting cells in the primary response but memory B cells are the main antigen-presenting cells in the secondary response.
14.Explain how antibodies interact with antigens.
15.Diagram and label the structure of an antibody and explain how this structure allows antibodies to (a) recognize and bind to antigens, and (b) assist in the destruction and elimination of antigens.
16.Distinguish between active and passive immunity and describe examples of each.
Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion
- Define osmoregulation and excretion.
- Discuss the osmoregulatory strategies of marine animals.
- Explain how the osmoregulatory problems of freshwater animals differ from those of marine animals.
- Describe the production and elimination of ammonia. Explain why ammonia excretion is most common in aquatic species.
- Compare the strategies to eliminate waste as ammonia, urea, or uric acid. Note which animal groups are associated with each process and why a particular strategy is most adaptive for a particular group.
- Compare the amounts of nitrogenous waste produced by endotherms and ectotherms, and by predators and herbivores.
- Explain how antidiuretic hormone regulates fluid retention in the kidney. Be Specific!
- Explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system helps maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System
- Compare and contrast the pathways for water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones.
- Define negative feedback and positive feedback loops.
- Describe the negative feedback loop involving insulin and glucagon. Be specific.
- Describe the hormones involved in lactation and explain why lactation is an example of a positive feedback loop.
- Explain the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and specific target glands.
- Describe how negative feedback maintains normal levels of thyroid hormones. Be sure to include the role of TSH, pituitary, hypothalamus, TRH, T4 and T3 in your answer.
- Explain the functions and hormones released by each of the following glands: parathyroid, adrenal, testes, ovaries.
Chapter 47: Animal Development
- Describe the acrosomal reaction, the cortical reaction, and egg activation.
- Describe how cleavage is regulated.
- Compare and contrast grastrulation in sea urchins, frogs, chicks, and humans. Use the following vocabulary words where applicable:
a)Archenteron
b)Blastopore
c)Dorsal Lip
d)Primitive streak
e)Trophoblast
f)Blastocoel
g)Inner cell mass
h)Extraembryonic membranes
- Describe neurulation in a frog.
- Explain how cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals contribute to cell fate specification.