Exam 4 Review:
Supplemental Instruction
IowaStateUniversity / Leader: / Kelly
Course: / Biol 212 (1)
Instructor: / Howell/Sakaguchi
Date: / 12/10/14

Studying Recommendations:

1. Go through all PowerPoint slides while taking notes and asking yourself questions.

2.Search for answers to anything unknown using your textbook and internet sources until you understand everything 100%.

3. Commit all details covered in the PowerPoint slides to memory.

4. Run through the multiple choice questions as they are often very similar to exam questions.

This exam review covers major topics, however, not everything could be covered.

Cirulatory System:

Circulatory system / How the system functions. (Include fluid!) / Example of organisms / Advantage or Disadvantage?
1.
2.
3.

Compare and Contrast Single, Double, and Intermediate Circulation in Vertebrates.

( think about...#atria/ventricles, where the blood gets oxygen, where the blood releases oxygen, organisms, etc.)

What are the (4) components of Blood? What is each component composed of?

1. / 2. / 3. / 4.

Label and (concisely) define the vessels. Compare and contrast vessels to and from the heart!

Further explain the importance of capillaries:

Explain the significant and unique features for the following Respiratory organ systems:

Tracheae / Gills / Lungs

Explain how Hemoglobin functions. What does heme do? What does it mean to have cooperative binding? Why does the release of Oxygen occur in tissue?

Plant Gas Exchange:Compare and contrast open/closed stomata.

Open / Closed

Plant Vascular Systems:

How do root hairs keep the concentration of soil minerals higher on the inside. Depict.

Compare/Contrast Plant Vascular Systems:

1. / 2.
Cells
(Types? Alive or dead?)
What is transported?
What direction is transportation?
Forces involved
(Explain!)

The Nervous System:.

Depict a Neuron below. Label all parts and include their functions.

What 3 types of neurons are there?

Explain some functions of glia cells. How do glia cells interact with neurons?

Define the following and include numerical values if applicable:

Membrane potential - (which types of cells can have this?)

Resting potential - (which types of cells can have this?)

Action potential -(which types of cells can have this?)

Graded potential -

Depolarization

Hyperpolarization

Record and explain the factors that contribute to the Resting Potential of a cell:

1. / 2. / 3.

List the five steps of the action potential. Draw a mV vs Time graph that demonstrates what is happening. Label the graph with each step. Is this perceived by the Brain? How is the strength of the stimulus relayed to the brain?

Describe how action potentials are conducted down an axon. What is the main advantage of saltatory conduction?

Draw a picture of the presynaptic cell meeting the post synaptic cell. Make steps to describe what is occurring. What is the benefit of having synaptic enzymes break down neurotransmitter molecules?

Compare and Contrast:

Somatic Nervous System / Autonomic Nervous System

Vision:

Review: Briefly explain the difference between photoreceptors (Rods and Cones). How are they different from other sensory receptors?

How is glutamate involved in vision?

Locomotion:

List the (3) types of skeletons and explain what is unique about each.

1.

2.

3.

Place in order of decreasing size and define:

Sarcomere, striated muscle, thin filaments, myofibril, thick filament, actin, muscle fiber, myosin, fascicle

Muscle Contraction: Create steps for the following process.

1. Use a concept map to explain how the Neuromuscular junction works.

2. Continue the concept map describing Excitation Contraction Coupling.

3. Explain how the Sliding Filament Mechanism molecularly allows muscle contraction.

How do you "reset" this process?

Compare and Contrast:

Skeletal / Cardiac / Smooth

Reproduction:

Gametogenesis- How does this happen? Mitosis or meiosis?

Explain the 3 types and provide examples of asexual reproduction.

What are the locations and functions of these? How are they related?

Leydig cells

Sertoli cells

The SRY gene

LH

FSH

Explain how Testosterone is regulated by a negative feedback loop.

List steps for the following:

Oocyte Development / Depict: / Follicle Development

Cancer:

What does a carcinogen do? How? What are some examples?

What is a tumor? What are the two types and what outcome can each have? What is metastasis?

Oncogenes / Tumor Suppressors
Normal function:
Mutation? / Normal function:
Mutation?
  • Pulmocutaneous Circulation
  • Systemic Circulation
  • Pulmonary Circulation
  • Hematopoetic
  • Blot Clot Formation
  • Health issues that can arise from the circulatory system and their effects.
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Ischemia
  • Myocardial Infarction
  • Partial Pressure Gradients affect on oxygen binding
  • High altitude adaptations
  • Turgor Pressure
  • Plasmolysis
  • Nervous system Chain of Command
  • Equilibrium Potential
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Myelin Sheath
  • Refractory Period
  • EPSP and IPSP
  • Classes of Neurotransmitters
  • Short term vs long term memory
  • Contributions from the Giant Squid and Aplysia Californica
  • Synaptic Plasticity
  • Neurogenesis
  • The functional regions of the brain - 3 divisions - 2 hemispheres - 4 lobes
  • Topographic Representation of the brain
  • Why bone is dynamic
  • Sensory Receptor Types
  • Mechanoreceptor
  • Thermoreceptor
  • Nocireceptor
  • Electromagnetic Receptor
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Parts of the eye
  • Roles of Rhodopsin and Retinal
  • Health issues that affect vision.
  • Glaucoma
  • macular Degeneration
  • Cataracts
  • Function of tendons in muscle movement
  • The structure and significance of a sarcomere
  • How endurance training affects the body
  • Mitosis vs. Meiosis
  • How many gametes are produced from a primary oocyte
  • Fertilization and blastocyst impantation