Studying Law at Roma Tre Syllabus
Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage
Professor Fiona Macmillan
Office Hours: Wednesday 12,00-13,00, Room Number 266
7 CFU
Spring 2016
Course description
The course will focus on tangible and intangible forms of heritage, and their relationship to concepts of cultural property. Its assessment of the legal regimes for the protection of cultural heritage will commence at the international level with a consideration of the various international conventions emanating from UNESCO and UNIDROIT. This will be followed by an examination of the way in which the international trade regime engages with cultural heritage issues. The course will then consider other legal strategies for protecting cultural heritage, including the use of intellectual property law, and related sui generis regimes, to protect “traditional” culture and knowledge.
Course Learning Objectives
This course aims:
· To provide students with the necessary means to develop a knowledge base and evaluative understanding of the following matters:
· foundational principles, and key international primary legal sources, relating to the protection of cultural heritage;
· relationship between the international trade regime and the protection of cultural heritage;
· interaction between concepts of culture, cultural heritage and intellectual property law;
· issues in national implementation of cultural heritage obligations;
· theoretical debates in relation the connection between personhood, property, culture and cultural heritage.
· To develop tools that will permit students to identify relevant issues of international and comparative law and to begin analysing and researching them.
· To develop critical skills in analyzing the relationship between theoretical debates and approaches to legal regulation at the international and national level.
Course Learning Activities
To achieve the above objectives, students will write a research paper, make a presentation to the class based on their research paper, and engage in class discussions/debates.
Assessment tools
The course will be assessed on the following basis:
4000 word research essay 50% of final grade
Final examination 50% of final grade
Attendance policy
Students are expected to prepare for, attend and participate in all classes.
Course Reading Materials
There is no textbook for this course. In addition to the primary sources listed in the Class Schedule, readings for the course will be assigned from the secondary sources listed below, as indicated in the Class Schedule.
A Anghie, “Human Rights and Cultural Identity: New Hope for Ethnic Peace?” (1992) 33 HIJL 339
J Blake, “On Defining Cultural Heritage” (2000) 49 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 61-85
M Blakeney, “Protecting Traditional Cultural Expression: The International Dimension” in Bowrey and Macmillan 2006 (eds) , infra
M Blakeney, “The Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions”, Report for EC-ASEAN Intellectual Property Rights Co-operation Programme (2009)
M Blakeney, “Protecting the Spiritual Beliefs of Indigenous Peoples – Australian Case Studies” (2013) 22(2) Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal 391-427
K Bowrey and J Anderson, “The Politics of Global Information Sharing: Whose Cultural Agendas are Being Advanced?” (2009) 18 Social and Legal Studies 479-504
M F Brown, “Heritage Trouble: Recent Work on The Protection of Intangible Cultural Property” (2005) 12 International Journal of Cultural Property 40-61
M Bruncevic, “The Lost Mural of Bruno Schulz: A Critical Legal Perspective on Control, Access to and Ownership of Art” (2011) 22 Law and Critique 79-96
K A Carpenter, S Katyal and A Riley, “In Defense of Property”, Fordham University, Legal Studies Research Paper No 1220665; University of Denver Sturm College of Law, Legal Studies Research Paper No 08-20; YLJ, 2009
R J Coombe, The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties (Durham/London, 1998)
R J Coombe, “‘Owning Culture’: Locating Community Subjects and their Properties” (2009)
C Fox, “The Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects: An Answer to the World Problem of Illicit Trade in Cultural Property” (1993) 9 AUJILP 225
M Frigo, “Cultural property v cultural heritage: A ‘battle of concepts’ in international law?” (2004) 86(854) IRRC 367
C Graber, “The New UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity: A Counterbalance to the WTO?” (2006) 9 JIEL 553
F Macmillan, “The UNESCO Convention as a New Incentive to Protect Cultural Diversity” in H Schneider and P van den Bossche (eds), Protection of Cultural Diversity from a European and International Perspective (Mortsel, 2008a)
F Macmillan, “Human Rights, Cultural Property and Intellectual Property: Three Concepts in Search of a Relationship” in C Graber and M Nenova (eds), Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment (Cheltenham, 2008b)
F Macmillan, “The Protection of Cultural Heritage: Common Heritage of Humankind, National Cultural ‘Patrimony’ or Private Property” (2013) 64(3) Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 351-364
F Macmillan, “Cultural Property and Community Rights to Cultural Heritage” in T Xu & J Allain (eds), Property and Human Rights in a Global Context (Oxford 2015)
L V Prott, “UNESCO and Unidroit: A Partnership Against Trafficking in Cultural Objects” [1996] 1 Uniform Law Review 59
A Rahmatian, “Universalist Norms for a Globalised Diversity: On the Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions” in F Macmillan (ed), New Directions in Copyright Law: Volume 6 (Cheltenham, 2007)
B Robbins and E Stamatopoulou, “Reflections on Culture and Cultural Rights” (2004) 103 South Atlantic Quarterly 419
H Silverman and D Fairchild Ruggles, “Cultural Heritage and Human Rights” in H Silverman and D Fairchild Ruggles (eds), Cultural Heritage and Human Rights (New York: Springer, 2007) 3-27
T Voon, “A New Approach to Audio-Visual Products in the WTO: Rebalancing GATT and GATS” (2007) 14 UCLA Entertainment Law Review 1-32
A F Vrdoljak, International Law, Museums and the Return of Cultural Objects (Cambridge, 2008)
P K Yu, “Cultural Relics, Intellectual Property, and Intangible Heritage” (2008) 81 Temple Law Review 433-506
Supporting / Recommended course reading material
J S Anaya, “Indigenous Rights – Norms in Customary International Law” (1992) 8 AJICL 1
J S Anaya, Indigenous Peoples in International Law (New York, 2004)
Assembly of First Nations and Canadian Museums Association, Turning the Page: Forging New Partnerships between Museums and First Peoples (3rd ed, Ottawa, 1994)
J A Auerbach, The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display (New Haven, 1999)
K Baslar, The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in International Law (The Hague, 1998)
P M Bator, “An Essay on the International Trade in Art” (1982) 34 Stan LR 275
M Blakeney, “The Protection of Traditional Knowledge by Geographical Indications” (2009) 3 IJIPM
B Boer, “Cultural and Natural Heritage: Protection of Moveable Cultural Heritage” (1987) 6 EPLJ 63
K Bowrey & F Macmillan (eds), New Directions in Copyright Law: Volume 3 (Cheltenham, 2006)
P J Boylan, “Culture and World Trade” (2002) 55 ICOM News 4
T Bubela, E R Gold, J McGill (eds), Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge: Case Studies and Conflicting Interests (Cheltenham, 2013)
M F Brown, Who Owns Native Culture? (Cambridge, Mass, 2004)
C Caruthers, “International Cultural Property: Another Tragedy of the Commons” (1998) 7 Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal 143
Commonwealth of Australia, Creative Nation: Commonwealth Cultural Policy (Canberra, 1994)
R J Coombe, “The Properties of Culture and the Politics of Possessing Identity: Native Claims in the Cultural Appropriation Controversy” (1993) CJLJ 249
J Crawford, “The Right of Self-Determination in International Law: Its Development and Future” in P Alston (ed), Peoples’ Rights (Oxford, 2001)
T W Dagne, Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge in the Global Economy: Translating Geographical Indications for Development (London: Routledge, 2014)
Department of Culture, Media and Sport, Guidance on the Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003 (London, 2004)
J Edson Beas Rodrigues, “Using the TRIPs Agreement’s unfair competition clause to curb the misappropriation of biological resources, traditional knowledge and expressions of folklore in user countries” (2014) 4 Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 139-155
R Edwards and J Stewart (eds), Preserving Indigenous Cultures: A New Role for Museums (Canberra, 1980)
J Gibson, “The lay of the land: the geography of traditional cultural expression” in C Graber and M Nenova (eds), Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment (Cheltenham, 2008)
J Gordon, “The UNESCO Convention on the Illicit Movement of Art Treasures” (1971) 12 HILJ 537
C Graber and M Nenova (eds), Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment (Cheltenham, 2008)
M Hahn, “A Clash of Cultures? The UNESCO Diversity Convention and International Trade Law” (2006) 9 JIEL 515
R Handler, “Who Owns the Past? History, Cultural Property and the Logic of Possesive Individualism” in B Williams (ed), The Politics of Culture (Washington, 1991)
R M Hilty, “Rationales for the Legal Protection of Intangible Goods and Cultural Heritage” (2009) 8 International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 883-911
International Law Association (ILA), Report of the Cultural Heritage Law Committee (London, 2004)
International Law Association (ILA), A Blueprint for the Development of Cultural Heritage Law: First Report (London, 2000)
H H Jamieson, “The Protection of Australia’s Movable Cultural Heritage” (1995) 4 IJCP 215
T Janke, Our Culture, Our Future: Report on Australian Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights (Canberra, 1998)
D Kapchan (ed), Cultural Heritage in Transit: Intangible Rights as Human Rights (Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014)
B Kingsbury, “Reconciling Five Competing Conceptual Structures of Indigenous Peoples’ Claims in International and Comparative Law” in Alston (ed), supra
L Lixinski, Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013)
F Macmillan, “Development, Cultural Self-Determination and the World Trade Organization” in A Perry-Kessaris, Law in Pursuit of Development: Principles into Practice? (Routledge/Cavendish, 2009)
F. Macmillan, “Many Analogies, Some Metaphors, Little Imagination: The Public Domain in Intellectual Space” [2010] 2 Pòlemos 25-44
F Macmillan, “Rights, Culture, Property: In Search of a New Design for Intellectual Space” in H Porsdam & T Elholm (eds), Dialogues on Justice: European Perspectives on Law and Humanities (Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter, 2012) 193-218
F Macmillan, “Finding Space in the Margins? Recognising the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the WTO” in C B Graber, J Lai and K Kuprecht (eds), International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012)
F Macmillan, “Arts Festivals: Property, Heritage or More?” in K Bowrey & M Handler (eds), Law and Creativity in the Age of the Entertainment Franchise (Cambridge, 2013)
R W Mastalir, “A Proposal for Protecting the ‘Cultural’ and ‘Property’ Aspects of Cultural Property under International Law” (1992-93) 16 FILJ 1033
J H Merryman (ed), Thinking About the Elgin Marbles: Critical Essays on Cultural Property, Art and Law (The Hague, 1999)
J H Merryman, “Two Ways of Thinking About Cultural Property” (1986) 80 AJIL 831
J H Merryman, “International Art Law: From Cultural Nationalism to a Common Cultural Heritage” (1983) 15 NYUJILP 757
P M Messenger (ed), The Ethics of Collecting: Whose Culture? Cultural Property: Whose Property? (Albuquerque, 1989)
M M Miles, Art as Plunder: The Ancient Origins of Debate about Cultural Property (Cambridge, 2008)
J A R Nafziger, “Comments on the Relevance of Law and Culture to Cultural Property Law” (1983) 10 SJILC 323
J A R Nafziger (ed), Cultural Heritage Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012)
H Nieć (ed), Cultural Rights and Wrongs (Paris, 1998)
N Palmer (ed), The Recovery of Stolen Art: A Collection of Essays (The Hague, 1998)
A Peacock, Does the past have a future? The political economy of heritage (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1998)
H Porsdam, “Cultural Heritage and Law: The Case of Cultural Looting” in H Porsdam & T Elholm (eds), Dialogues on Justice: European Perspectives on Law and Humanities (Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter, 2012) 219-235
L V Prott, “Understanding One Another on Cultural Rights” in Nieć (ed), supra
L V Prott, Commentary on the Unidroit Convention (London, 1997)
L V Prott, “Cultural Rights as Peoples’ Rights in International Law” in J Crawford (ed), The Rights of Peoples (Oxford, 1998)
L V Prott and P J O’Keefe, “‘Cultural Heritage’ or ‘Cultural Property’?” (1992) 1 IJCP 307
L V Prott and P J O’Keefe, Law and the Cultural Heritage (London, 1989)
M J Radin, “Property and Personhood” (1982) 34 Stan LR 957
M Rendix, “Copyright as Moral Strategy of Reclaiming the Past: The Retrun of the Icelandic Sagas” in H Porsdam & T Elholm (eds), Dialogues on Justice: European Perspectives on Law and Humanities (Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter, 2012) 177-192
A Riles, “Aspiration and Control: International Legal Rhetoric and the Essentialization of Culture” (1993) 106 HLR 723
J L Sax, “Heritage Preservation as a Public Duty: The Abbé Grégoire and the Origins of an Idea” (1990) 88 Mich LR 1142
J L Sax, “Is Anyone Minding Stonehenge? The Origins of Cultural Property Protection in England” (1990) 78 Cal LR 1543
H Schneider and P van den Bossche (eds), Protection of Cultural Diversity from a European and International Perspective (Mortsel, 2008)
F Shyllon, “The Recovery of Cultural Objects by African Status through the UNESCO and UNIDROIT Conventions and the Role of Arbitration” [2002] 2 ULR 219
M D Simpson, Making Representations: Museums in the Post-Colonial Era (London: Routledge, 2001)
T Simpson, Indigenous Heritage and Self-Determination: The Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Copenhagen, 1997)
A Sljivic, “Why do you think it’s you? An Exposition of the Jurisprudence Underlying the Debate between Cultural Nationalism and Cultural Internationalism” (1997-1998) 31 GWJILE 393
I Stamatoudi, Cultural Property and Restitution (Cheltenham, 2011)
A Strati, “Deep Seabed Cultural Property and the Common Heritage of Mankind” (1991) 40 ICLQ 859
F D Struell, “Cultural Property: Recent Cases under the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act” (1997) The International Lawyer 691
P Thornberry, Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights (New York, 2002)
D J Timothy, Cultural Heritage and Tourism: An Introduction (Bristol, 2011)
P Turnbull, “Indigenous Australian People, their Defence of the Dead and Native Title” in C Fforde, J Hubert and P Turnbull (eds), The Dead and their Possessions: Repatriation in Principle, Policy and Practice (London 2002)
UNESCO, Cultural Rights as Human Rights (Paris, 1970)
UNESCO, “The Cultural Heritage of Mankind: A Shared Responsibility” (Paris, 1982, UNESCO Doc CLT-82/WS/27
V Vadi & B de Witte (eds), Culture and International Economic Law (London: Routledge, 2015)
T Voon, “UNESCO and the WTO: A Clash of Cultures” (2006) International and Comparative Law Quarterly 635