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Study Guide : Life Science

Bacteria's Role in the Worldsingle celled, prokaryote

anti/biotic :medicine used to treat many bacterial diseases

bio/remedi/ation : use of organisms to treat hazardous waste

genetic engineering : changes in genes of bacteria or other living things

lactose : sugar found in milk

nitrogen fixation : nitrogen in the air  to form for plants

patho/genic bacteria :harmful bacteria

*** breaking down of dead plant and animal matter ***decomposer

*** bacteria that harms grain - fruit - vegetables ***pathogenic

Virusesnonliving particle of genetic material

antiviral : ”against viruses”, stop reproduction

antibiotics : won’t work against virus

host : organism that a parasite lives in or is supported by

lytic cycle : virus invades a cell and copies itself (active)

lysogenic cycle : virus is carried and reproduced by the cell. (inactive)

oxygen : gas that viruses don’t need

protein coat :  shell or covering that protects the virus

shape : group by shape: spacecraft, sphere, cylinder, crystal

virus : nonliving particle of genetic material

vaccinations : protection from a virus

Protistssingle celled eukaryotic organism

*** cells that make up a protist ***eukaryotic, single

*** function of chloroplasts ***make energy from sunlight

*** how do protists make their own food ***photosynthesis

*** protists reproduction / single celled ***asexual

*** protists asexually divide by what process ***binary fission

decomposer : organism that breaks down dead matter

host : provider of location or food for another organism

heterotroph : (“other”) organism that gets food from another organism

parasite : organism that feeds or lives off another

producer : organism that makes its own food

Kinds of Protists

*** how are protists grouped ***based on shared traits such as how they move or eat (flagella, cilia, pseudopod)

*** algae color pigment ***green (chlorophyll)

*** what provides the world's oxygen ***phytoplankton

*** what are mobile protists called ***protozoans

algae : plant-like protist

cilia : tiny-hairlike structures for movement

diatoms : 2-part glass-like shells

formaminiferans : “amoeba-like” in shells

flagella : whip-like strands to help move

macronucleus :larger nucleus- cell duties (micronucleus –smaller-reproduction)

Fungi

*** beneficial relationship / plant / fungus ***mycorrhiza

*** lichen make up ***algae and fungi

*** fungus that is shapeless and fuzzy *** mold

*** largest group of fungi ***sac mushrooms

budding : asexual reproduction (yeast)

club fungi : shaped like club= mushrooms

fungus :multicellular heterotroph that can not move

hypha : hairlike tubes making up the body of fungus

mycelium : the tangled mass of hyphae that make up the body of the fungus

spore :reproductive structure of fungi

What is a Plant?multicellular autotroph/producer

angiosperms :vascular flowering plant with fruit

fern : vascular, non flowering plant

gymnosperms : “naked seed”, non flowering, no fruit produced.

liverwort: nonvascular plant

*** what stage do plants make spores ***sporophyte

Seed Plants

*** label a seed ***baby plant (cotyledon), food source, seed coat

*** how are gymnosperms and angiosperms alike ***vascular, seed producing plants

*** difference between monocots / dicots ***Monocots=One cotyledon, Dicots=Two cotyledons

Structures of Seed Plants

ovary : female organ that contains the eggs

petal : decorative leaf like part

phloem : tubing of vascular system responsible for distributing food through plant

pistil : female part of flower

sepal : specialized leaf to protect bud and support flower

xylem : vascular tubing in center of stem responsible for bringing up water to rest of plant

*** roots ***part of plant responsible for taking in water

*** prevent water loss in a leaf ***cuticle

*** a soft stem is ***herbaceous

Photosynthesis

chlorophyll :green pigment used for photosynthesis

cellular respiration : process of releasing ATP energy from food

photosynthesis : process of making food from sunlight

stoma : small breathing openings on underside of leaf

transpiration : release of water through stoma of leaves

*** gas that plants release ***Oxygen

*** what do plants use to produce energy fromfood ***Photosynthesis  Water + Carbon Dioxide + Sun (-ATP) = Glucose + Oxygen:  Respiration

*** gas enters and exits from a leaf ***stomata (pl. stoma)

*** why is photosynthesis important ***makes food for plant

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

dormant : resting state

plantlets : young plants

pollination : (sexual reproduction) moving of pollen from male stamen to female pistil

runners : specialized stem that runs along ground to support new plant =strawberry, spider plant

tubers : specialized stems that reproduce plants =potato

*** fertilization ***union of egg and sperm

*** ovule develops into a ***seed

*** ovary develops into a ***fruit

*** seed needs what to germinate ***water, temperature, air

Plant Response to the Environment

deciduous plants : plants that loose their leaves

evergreen plants : plants with needle-like leaves, green all year, conifers

gravitropism :growth toward the gravity

long-day plants : (short nights) “summer” plants = daisy, rose, tomato, etc.

phototropism : growth toward the sunlight

short-day plants :(long nights) “winter” plants=poinsettia

tropism : response to stimulus

*** know about shoot direction ***shoots respond to and follow sunlight

*** seasonal changes ***evergreen (keep leaves in winter) and deciduous (loose leaves in winter)

What Is an Animal?multicellular heterotroph that can move

invertebrates : animal with NO backbone

multicellular :many cells

sexually : requiring two parents (male and female) for reproduction

vertebrate : animal WITH backbone

*** what are sperm and egg ***reproductive sex cells of male and female

Animal Behavior

courtship : behavior for attracting a mate

defense behavior : behavior to protect territory or offspring

food : source of energy

innate behavior : built-in behavior, present at birth

learned behavior : behavior that is acquired or copied

territory : space or area occupied by one or group of animals

*** daily cycles ***circadian rhythms

*** estivation ***rest or reduced activity in summer (hot) season

Simple Invertebratesanimals with NO backbone

coelom : body cavity that surrounds the gut

ganglion :  cluster of nerve mass that acts like simple brain

gut : pouch for digesting food

*** sponges use what to get their food ***pores and collar cells

*** flatworm has what type of body ***flat with bilateral symmetry

*** roundworm ***body is round, bilateral, and pointed at the ends, generally a parasite

*** cnidarians all have what ***stinging cells

Anthropods“jointed feet”, with exoskeleton

*** three main body parts ***head, thorax, abdomen

*** largest group of anthropods ***insects

*** what do crustaceans use for eating ***claws

antenna : a sensory organ or “feeler”

compound eye : many identical light sensors, can form an image

complete metamorphosis :egg-larva-adult; complete change in body form

incomplete metamorphosis : egg-nymph-adult; not much change in body form

simple eye : detects light and dark

The First VertebratesFish – live entire life in water (gills, scales)

ectotherm : (cold-blooded); “outside heat” – surroundings provide heat/cold

endotherm : (warm-blooded); “inside heat” – own body provides heat/cold

gill : respiratory organ that gets oxygen from water (liquid)

lateral line : a faint line visible on both sides of a fish’s body and marks the location of the sense organs that detect vibration in the water.

swim bladder : gas-filled sac that is used to control buoyancy (floating)

Amphibians “double-life”, animal begins life with gills in water and matures to lungs on land

lung : respiratory organ that extracts oxygen from the air

metamorphosis : Rapid change in shape from immature to mature form – (Complete:Larval-Adult) or (Incomplete: Nymph-Adult)

tadpole :  aquatic, fish-shaped larva of a frog or toad

vocal sac :  thin-walled sac of skin that surrounds frog’s vocal cords

Characteristics of Birdsfeathers!

altricial : birds that are bald and helpless after hatching

brooding : to sit on and cover eggs to keep them warm until they hatch

contour feathers : external feathers that help determine a bird’s shape

down feathers : soft feathers that cover the body of young birds and insulate adult birds

lift :  one of the things a bird needs to fly (upward against gravity)

molting : process of shedding feathers which are replacedwith new feathers

precocial :  birds that are active shortly after hatching

preening :  the act of grooming and maintaining feathers

Kinds of Birdsways that birds are grouped

bird of prey : ; hunts and eats other vertebrates; sharp claws and beak good eyesight

flightless bird : no large Keel for flight muscles; runs fast or swims

perching bird : special adaptations for resting on branches

songbird : belongs to the largest of the 28 different order of birds

water bird : webbed feet or long legs

Characteristics of Mammalshave hair or fur, diaphragm for breathing, and feed young on milk

*** gland that provides milk ***mammary gland

Placental Mammalanimal with a placenta (organ that provides food and removes waste for embryo; “lifeline”)

cetaceans : water-dwelling = porpoise

carnivores : meat-eater = walrus

flying mammals : flying = bat

hoofed mammals : hoofed-feet = cattle

insectivores : insect-eater = mole

primates : fingers and toes, forward eyes = spider monkey

related to dugongs : water mammal = manatee

rodents : cutting, gnawing teeth = squirrel

related to hares and pikas : rodent-like (gnaws and grinds) = rabbit

"toothless mammals " : very tiny teeth if any = armadillo, anteater, sloth

truck-nosed mammals :long noses/trunks = African elephant

*** placenta ***organ that provides food and carries away waste from embryo (“lifeline”)

*** uterus ***embryo of organism develops in this organ

* gestation period *** length of time embryo spends developing inside its mother

Monotremes and Marsupialsmammals hatched from eggs or in a very immature level of development

marsupials : mammal gives birth to live young which then develop in mother’s pouch = opossum, koala, wallaby

monotreme :mammal lays eggs in thick, leathery shells = platypus, echidna

Interesting notes:

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