Study Guide Exam 2
DNA
- What is the structure of DNA and their nucleotides
- What molecules are bonded together order
- What type of bonds holds the subunits together
- What are the four bases
- Which bases are paired together
- Be able to draw DNA. Use one letter abbreviations for the bases, phosphates, and sugars (you don’t need to draw the structure of the base, sugar and phosphate)
- What is the structure of proteins
- What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA, what are the structural similarities?
- Determine the complementary mRNA sequence from a DNA sequence.
- Know the parts of the cell and their role in protein synthesis of an exported protein.
- Include protein modification (including the golgi, ER, etc)
- What is transcription and translation
- Where does RNA polymerase bind to the DNA
- What is the function of RNA polymerase
- What are the steps of transcription
- What are the steps of translation
- Be able to “read” the mRNA to make a protein, given the table of codons to amino acids.
- Know the types of RNA, their functions, and where in the cell do they complete their function
Definitions:
DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, helicase, semiconservative replication,
complimentary strand, point mutation, mutagens,
base pairs, gene, tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, promotor region, polypeptide chain, peptide bond, transcription,translation, codon, anticodon
Tissue
1.Starting with the cell, outline the levels of organization in terms of increasing complexity.
2. Which embryonic cell types give rise to muscle? skin? the digestive system?
3. What are the four primary tissue types in the human body?
4. Name two basic functions of epithelial tissue?
5. What is the difference between simple squamous tissue and stratified squamous tissue?
6. What is similar and different about exocrine and endocrine glands?
7. What are the three-basic connective tissue cell types?
8. What are the three types of proteins found in connective tissue matrix?
9. Describe dense connective tissue proper and hyaline cartilage.
Body Organization and Integumentary System
- How does negative and positive feedback work, be able to describe the examples of
negative and positive feedback given in class and in the textbook, identify the sensor,
control center, and effector for each example
2. What are the three cell-cell junctions and their functions
- Identify the body cavities, what is their location and what is contained in the cavities
- What are the four types of membranes, their functions and locations
- What are the functions of the integumentary system
- Components of the integumentary system and their functions
- What are the two layers of the skin. What type of tissues comprise each layer, where are the layers located
- What layer lays underneath the skin, what tissue type comprises this layer
- What are the three types of skin cancer, where do they originate, which is more likely to spread to other parts of the body
- What are melanocytes, what is their function
Definitions:
Tissue, Organ, organ system, Tight junctions, Adhesion junctions, Gap junctions,
Exocrine glands, Endocrine glands, Homeostasis, Hormones, hypodermis, diaphragm, sebum,
sebaceous glands, keratin, basement membrane, lacunae, voluntary control, involuntary control,
hyperthermia, hypothermia, melanin, hypodermis
Skeletal
1. What are the four components of the skeletal system, and their functions
2What are the functions of bone
3. What are the two layers of bone
4. What is the periosteum and what is its function
5. What is the structure of the osteon, what are the features found in the osteon
6. What are the three types of bone cells and their functions
7. What are the functions of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
8. What are the parts of the synovial joints and their functions
9. What are the hormones involved in bone growth and homeostasis
10. What glands produce calcitonin and parathyroid hormones
11. What are the disorders of the skeletal system
12. How do bones heal
13. What is osteoporosis, what are the risk factors, what can you do to prevent it
13. Name five functions of the skeletal system.
14. How many bones make up the skull?
15. Name the bones in the shoulder/arm starting with the shoulder and ending with the fingers.
16. Name the bones in the hip/leg starting with the hip and ending with the toes.
17. Define diaphysis and periosteum.
Definitions: Compact bone, osteon, central canal (haversian canal), spongy bone, epiphysis, diaphysis, periosteum, lacunae, callus, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclast chondrocytes, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D, epiphyseal plate,
growth plate
Muscle
1. What are the three types of muscles, where are they found, are they under voluntary or
involuntary control
2. What are the functions of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
3. How do skeletal muscles work in pairs
4. What is the structure and the components of a muscle, and of a muscle cell (muscle fiber) and the functions of the muscle cell components
5. What is the function of tendons
6. What stimulates a muscle to contract
7. Be able to describe the steps of how the message is transmitted from the neuron to the
myofilaments
8. What is the role of calcium
9. What happens when the message is received by the myofilaments
10. What are the components of the muscle fibers, their functions, be able to identify them in an illustration, including: myofibrils, sarcomeres, Z lines, the myofilaments actin and myosin filaments, cross bridges, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-tubules
11. What are the components and the function of the tropomyosin-troponin complex
12. What are the three energy sources for muscle contraction, which require oxygen, which produce carbon dioxide, how many ATP are produced, how long can it provide energy
Definitions:
muscle fibers, myoglobin, fascia, fascicles, myofibrils, sarcomere, involuntary,
voluntary, origin, insertion