Sophie S World: the Gateway Into Philosophy

Name______

Sophie’s World: the Gateway into Philosophy

DIRECTIONS: Fill in the following chart using yourSophie’s Worldbook as your only source. Do NOT use any outside sources for the definitions on this worksheet, as they may not give the most appropriate information—Gaarder does a great job of making these concepts understandable, so use his information exclusively. Be sure that you define and understand ALL concepts and philosophers found in the left-hand margins using direct quotes from the text! (It will help you in the long run!)

Philosophical Movements, Key Philosophers & Terms to Define / Main Principles of Movement—Provide one or more representative quote(s) that help characterize the movement, philosopher and/or terms. / Pg. # / Your Personal Questions or Ruminations
Foundational Questions for Philosophy…
“The White Rabbit metaphor”…
The Myths…
---myth
---mythology
The Natural Philosophers…
---rationalism
Parmenides
Heraclitus
Empedocles
Philosophical Movements, Key Philosophers & Terms to Define / Main Principles of Movement—Provide one or more representative quote(s) that help characterize the movement, philosopher and/or terms. / Pg. # / Your Personal Questions or Ruminations
The Natural Philosophers…
Anaxagoras
Democritus
---materialist
---fatalism
---Oracle at Delphi
Hippocrates
---health vs. sickness (acc. to Hippocrates)
Classic Philosophers…
Sophists
Socrates
---Socratic discussion
---wisdom from within
---“One thing only I know…”
--- faith in human reason
Plato
---“theory of ideas”
---Myth of the Cave
---imperfect copies of eternal forms?
Philosophical Movements, Key Philosophers & Terms to Define / Main Principles of Movement—Provide one or more representative quote(s) that help characterize the movement, philosopher and/or terms. / Pg. # / Your Personal Questions or Ruminations
Classic Philosophers…
Aristotle
---reality = reason
---all nature has purpose
---logic
---3 forms of happiness
---define women?
Hellenism…
---cynics
---stoics
Epicurus
Plotinus
---mysticism
Indo-Europeans… /
---polytheism
---pantheism
---cyclic vs. linear history
Jesus
Paul
Philosophical Movements, Key Philosophers & Terms to Define / Main Principles of Movement—Provide one or more representative quote(s) that help characterize the movement, philosopher and/or terms. / Pg. # / Your Personal Questions or Ruminations
The Middle Ages… /
St. Augustine
St. Thomas Aquinas
The Renaissance…
---individualism
---Empirical method
Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
---New religiosity
Martin Luther
The Baroque… /
---“carpe diem”
---“memento mori”
---Vanity vs. ephemeral
Hobbes
---Mechanistic worldview
---Determinism
Leibniz
Philosophical Movements, Key Philosophers & Terms to Define / Main Principles of Movement—Provide one or more representative quote(s) that help characterize the movement, philosopher and/or terms. / Pg. # / Your Personal Questions or Ruminations
The Enlightenment…
Descartes
---“cogito, ergo sum”
---the idea of perfection
---dualism
---“thought & extension”
Spinoza
---historico-critical interpretation
---monism
---God as “inner cause”
---passions as preventative
British Empiricists…
Locke
---empiricism
---“tabula rasa”
---simple sensations & complex ideas
---primary & secondary qualities
---division of powers
Philosophical Movements, Key Philosophers & Terms to Define / Main Principles of Movement—Provide one or more representative quote(s) that help characterize the movement, philosopher and/or terms. / Pg. # / Your Personal Questions or Ruminations
Hume
---impressions vs. ideas
---connections to Buddha
---agnostic
Berkeley
---spirit as cause behind all ideas
---material reality
French Enlightenment… /
---opposition to authority
---cultural optimism
---“back to nature”
Rousseau
---natural religion
---Deism
---human rights
Kant
---causality
---“practical reason”
---“das Ding an sich”
Philosophical Movements, Key Philosophers & Terms to Define / Main Principles of Movement—Provide one or more representative quote(s) that help characterize the movement, philosopher and/or terms. / Pg. # / Your Personal Questions or Ruminations
Romanticism…
---reaction to Enlightenment reason
---art engages that which philosophy does not
---yearning for the distant & unattainable
---“cosmic consciousness”
Schelling
Novalis
Von Herder
---Universal vs. National Romanticism
Brothers Grimm
Hans Christian Anderson
Hegel
---all truth is ______
---all knowledge is ______
---NO eternal truth b/c…
---“world spirit”
Philosophical Movements, Key Philosophers & Terms to Define / Main Principles of Movement—Provide one or more representative quote(s) that help characterize the movement, philosopher and/or terms. / Pg. # / Your Personal Questions or Ruminations
Kierkegaard
---individualism
---truth & existence define each other
---3 stages of life
---connect to Hans Christian Anderson & Leibniz
Marx
---“historical materialist”
---“superstructure”
---3 levels for the “basis” of society
---capitalism
---socialism
---what is the motivation for his “Communist Manifesto”?
Darwin
---naturalistic
---biological evolution
---natural selection
---adaptation (using research with peppered moths)
Philosophical Movements, Key Philosophers & Terms to Define / Main Principles of Movement—Provide one or more representative quote(s) that help characterize the movement, philosopher and/or terms. / Pg. # / Your Personal Questions or Ruminations
Freud
---ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
---purpose of dreams
---conscious thought= “tip of the iceberg”
Existentialism…
Nietzsche
---“revaluation of values”
---focus on reality (unlike…?)
---“God is dead”
Heidegger
Sartre
---nihilism
---absurdism
---ALL meaning as created by man
--freedom = condemnation to choose all things