Table S1. Average density and biomass of macropod species at study sites. Sites: HG = highland grassland; HS = highland sedgeland; LF = lowland forest; LG = lowland grassland.
Site / Pademelon density (animals ha-1) / Bennett's Wallaby density (animals ha-1) / Macropod biomass (kg ha-1)HS1 / 0 / 0.11 / 1.86
HG1 / 1.61 / 2.33 / 48.23
LF2 / 0.08 / 0.17 / 3.31
HS2 / 0.33 / 0.44 / 9.25
HG2 / 3.62 / 1.11 / 38.67
LG / 0.81 / 2.45 / 45.86
LF1 / 0.76 / 1.07 / 22.26
Table S2. Significant responses to burning or grazing nested within burning for bare ground and lifeform cover and height. The differences between the measurement at two years after treatment and the pretreatment measurement is used in all cases. Sites: HG = highland grassland; HS = highland sedgeland; LF = lowland forest; LG = lowland grassland. Treatments: Grazed and burned = GB; ungrazed and burned = UB; ungrazed and unburned = UU; grazed and unburned =GU; the grazing effect (GU-UU) = G, the burn effect (UB-UU) = B; the burning and grazing effect (GB-UU) = BG. Highest values and P < 0.05 in bold.
SiteChange t6-t1 by Treatment
GUGBUUUBPB P F (B)B G BG
Bare Ground (%)
LG10.85b25.68a-1.25b5.64b0.0030.0006.89b 12.1b 26.93a
LF1-1.77b28.30a-0.91b7.54b0.0000.0068.45b 0.86b 29.21a
LF2-2.43b5.4a-2.21b4.86ab0.0010.2947.07ab 0.22b 7.61a
HS1-0.200.36-0.210.390.0240.9930.6 -0.01 0.57
HG20.0b1.36a0.0b1.7a0.0010.8561.7a 0.0b 1.36a
Herb cover (%)
LF1-0.56b-0.09b-0.54b1.1a0.0000.0081.64a -0.02b -0.45b
HG20.29b8.43b4.85b17.39a0.0000.01012.54a -4.56b 3.58b
Herb height (cm)
LG-0.13b-0.22b-0.03ab0.39a0.1550.0020.42a -0.10b -0.19b
LF1-0.2b-0.15b0.27a0.57a0.0730.0000.3a -0.29b -0.42b
HG11.1b-0.2b3.95a0.9b0.0000.000-3.05 -2.85 -3.97
HG21.0ab-0.2b3.2a2.2ab0.0960.004-1.0 -2.2 -3.4
Grass cover (%)
LG-6.61ab-33.67b21.62a-1.58ab0.0010.000-23.2 -28.33 -55.29
HS2-0.016.18-3.946.520.0440.78410.46 -3.93 10.12
HS1-0.02bc1.21ab-0.77c2.27a0.0000.1022.84a 0.75b 1.98ab
Grass height (cm)
LG-3.82b-5.26b6.35a4.03a0.0260.000-2.32a -10.17b-11.61b
LF1-4.21bc-7.05c2.98a-2.09b0.0040.000-5.07b -7.19ab-10.03a
HG11.25c-0.65c6.6a4.15b0.0010.000-2.45b -5.35a -7.25a
HG2-0.8ab-10.8b8.8a4.1ab0.0000.000-4.7 -9.6 -19.6
HS12.2ab -3.07b8.1a1.93ab0.0450.156-6.17 -5.9 -11.17
Sedge cover (%)
HG20.492.660.551.810.0110.8521.26 -0.06 2.11
HS1-0.38a-43.02b1.11a-43.33b0.0000.976-44.44b-1.49a -44.13b
HS210.49a-18.45b15.22a-8.71b0.0000.182-23.93b-4.73a -33.67b
Sedge height (cm)
LG-1.72-2.02-0.321.270.5180.0501.59 -1.4 -1.7
LF25.25a-10.83b5.2a-0.88ab0.0100.074-6.08ab 0.05a -16.03b
HG15.0a0.2b7.5a4.7a0.0020.013-2.8a -2.5a -7.3b
HG20.8ab-1.8b2.2a-0.2ab0.0060.226-2.4 -1.4 -4.0
HS17.08a-12.24b9.36a-6.57b0.0000.060-15.9b -2.28a -21.6b
HS211.9a-1.82b16.78a-4.15b0.0000.121-20.9b -4.88a -18.6b
Shrub cover (%)
LG-1.88b-1.21b9.63a-1.7b0.0090.002-11.33 -11.51 -10.84
LF1-13.14ab-34.68b-1.87a-25.45b0.0000.220-23.58 -11.27 -32.81
LF2-7.07-19.66-10.44-16.130.0360.715-5.69 3.37 -9.22
HG210.255.7316.625.740.0140.334-10.88 -6.37 -10.89
HS17.47a-6.12b2.82ab-5.17b0.0000.830-7.99b 4.65a -8.94b
HS25.96a-6.37b3.06ab-3.37ab0.0010.530-6.43ab 2.9a -9.43b
Shrub height (cm)
LG-3.3b-4.69b2.56a1.1ab0.2340.000-1.46 -5.86 -7.25
LF1-1.46-7.581.42-5.620.0380.725-7.04 -2.88 -9.0
LF2-15.77b-52.42c7.8a-23.08bc0.0020.035-30.88ab -23.57a -60.22b
HG13.5a-2.55b4.0a0.0ab0.0020.479-4.0b -0.5a -6.55b
HG24.5a-4.2b5.2a-2.23b0.0000.483-7.43b -0.7a -9.4b
HS19.85a-30.66b11.27a-46.29b0.0000.532-57.56b-1.42a -41.93b
HS25.85a-32.6b17.05a-30.75b0.0000.471-47.8b 11.2a -47.65b
Bryophyte cover (%)
LF15.72a-0.32b2.17ab1.76ab0.0280.134-0.41ab 3.55a -2.49b
LF20.17ab2.38ab-0.62b3.74a0.0040.5804.36 0.79 3.00
HS2-0.054.6-0.53.230.0040.7543.28 0.45 5.1
Foliose lichen cover (%)
HG12.30a-19.95c-1.4b-17.9bc0.0000.800-16.5b 3.7a -18.55b
HG2-10.0a-43.14b-3.9a-38.4b0.0000.512-34.5b -6.1a -39.24b
Site means for different fence (burn site) treatments and effects are statistically identical (P > 0.05) if they share a letter.
Table S3. Significant responses of species height (cm) and cover (%) to burning or grazing nested within burning. The differences between the measurement at two years after treatment and the pretreatment measurement is used in all cases. Grazed and burned = GB; ungrazed and burned = UB; ungrazed and unburned = UU; grazed and unburned =GU; the grazing effect (GU-UU) = G, the burn effect (UB-UU) = B; the burning and grazing effect (GB-UU) = BG. Highest values and P < 0.05 in bold, P B = probability of a burning effect, P G (B) = probability of a grazing effect nested within burning.
GUGBUUUBP B P G (B)B G BG
LG
Arthropodium minus cover(sedge)0.03b0.11ab0.26ab0.81a0.1020.0310.55a -0.23b -0.15ab
Arthropodium minus height (sedge)-0.3b-0.7b3.5a5.3a0.6270.0051.8a -3.8b -4.2b
Austrodanthoniaspp. cover(grass) 13.2a-0.41b10.61a-0.7b0.0230.940-11.31b 2.59a -11.02b
Austrodanthoniaspp. height (grass)-4.1b-3.8b6.6a3.6a0.2960.0003.0a -10.7b -10.4b
Austrostipa spp. height (grass)-6.5b-8.5b4.9a6.5a0.9420.0001.6a -11.4b -13.4b
Bossiaeaprostrata height (shrub)-1.2ab-3.0b1.1a0.4a0.1610.0080.7a -2.3ab -4.1b
Ehrhartastipoides cover (grass)0.631.73-0.040.160.1760.0490.2 0.67 1.77
Hibbertiahirsutacover(shrub)0.67ab-0.47b0.04ab1.1a0.9190.0150.97a 0.63ab -0.51b
Leptorhynchossquamatusheight(herb)-0.2b-0.15b1.6a1.5a0.9470.000-0.1a -1.8b -1.45b
Leucopogonvirgatuscover(shrub)-1.6b-0.85b7.7a-2.05b0.0140.002-9.75 -9.3 -8.55
Leucopogonvirgatus height (shrub)-1.6b-6.7c3.8a1.9ab0.0120.0001.9a -5.4a -10.5b
Pentapogonquadrifidusheight (grass)1.2bc0.5c5.6a5.2ab0.6240.001-0.4a -4.4a -5.1b
Poarodwayicover(grass) -8.19ab-17.27b1.65a-5.08ab0.0330.014-6.73 -9.84 -18.92
Poarodwayi height (grass)-3.9bc-9.3c7.2a3.1ab0.0220.000-4.1a -11.1a -16.5b
Schoenusabsconditus height (sedge)-0.6b-0.5b0.5ab0.9a0.4230.0010.4a -1.1b -1.0b
Themedatriandracover(grass)-9.5ab-15.0b8.7a2.6ab0.2490.004-6.1 -18.2 -23.7
Themedatriandra height (grass)-2.3b-3.2b7.9a4.9a0.0660.000-3.0a -10.2b -11.1b
LF1
Astrolomahumifusum cover (shrub)-0.79ab-5.09b2.11a-1.74ab0.0020.031-3.85 -2.9 -7.2
Astrolomahumifusum height (shrub)-0.1ab-1.0b1.9a-0.9b0.0050.088-2.8 -2.0 -2.9
Austrostipaspp. height (grass)-0.1b-8.4c7.7ab3.0ab0.0030.000-4.3a -7.8a -16.1b
Goodenialanatacover(herb)0.05-0.010.010.080.8530.0460.07 0.04 0.0
Leptorhynchossquamatusheight(herb)-1.4b-0.9ab1.5a1.0ab1.000.008-0.5 -2.9 -0.6
Leucopogonvirgatuscover (shrub)-3.02ab-12.67b2.4a-5.75ab0.0050.121-8.15 -5.42 -15.07
Leucopogonvirgatus height (shrub)-2.3b-13.3a3.0b-1.8b0.0000.000-4.8a -5.3a -16.3b
Lomandra nana cover(sedge)-0.09b0.03ab0.06ab0.31a0.0500.0600.25a -0.15b 0.03ab
Lomandra nana height (sedge)-0.4bc-0.5c4.0ab7.2a0.1950.0003.2a -4.4b -4.5b
LF2
Allocasuarinamoniliferaheight (shrub)-6.4ab-46.7b15.2a-3.3ab0.0210.028-18.5a -21.6a -61.9b
Ampereaxiphocladaheight (shrub)-7.5b-13.7b16.6a14.2ab0.4870.001-2.4 -24.1 -30.3
Lepidospermaconcavumheight (sedge)1.4ab-8.9b10.0a-5.9ab0.0120.435-15.9 -11.4 -18.9
Pteridiumesculentumheight (fern)-8.5-26.5-4.1-30.10.0280.917-26.0 -4.4 -22.4
HG1
Austrodanthoniaspp. cover(grass)0.41b0.41b1.73ab2.26a0.5040.0010.53a -1.32b -1.32b
Asperulagunniicover (herb)-0.02b-0.02b0.17a0.04ab0.1910.024-0.13 -0.19 -0.15
Erigeron tasmanicuscover (herb)0.030.020.480.380.6910.019-0.1 -0.45 -0.46
Gonocarpusserpyllifoliuscover(herb)-0.01 0.050.580.860.4890.0220.28 -0.59 -0.53
Oreomyrrhis ciliatacover(herb)0.07b-0.01b0.49a0.02b0.0140.028-0.47 -0.42 -0.50
Porantheramicrophyllacover (herb)0.060.00.060.00.0011.000-0.06 0.0 -0.06
HG2
Austrodanthoniaspp. cover(grass)0.261.310.512.750.0100.2412.24 -0.25 0.8
Carexbreviculmis cover (sedge)0.53b2.29a0.46b1.77a0.0090.8031.31a 0.07b 1.83a
Erigeron tasmanicuscover(herb)0.62b0.22b1.95ab3.47a0.4280.0041.52a -1.33b -1.73b
Exocarposnanuscover (shrub)-1.87ab5.04a-2.58b5.4a0.0010.9597.98 0.29 7.62
Leucopogonhookeriheight (shrub)3.1a-5.0b3.6a-2.6b0.0000.456-6.2b -0.5a -8.6b
Oleariaalgida cover (shrub)2.67a-1.67b3.88a0.92ab0.0000.092-2.96ab-1.21a -4.55b
Oleariaalgida height (shrub)5.1a-6.0b6.3a-0.4ab0.0000.117-6.7ab -1.2a -12.3b
Poa labillardierei-0.8ab-10.8b8.8a4.1ab0.0000.000-4.7 -9.6 -19.6
Stylidiumgraminifoliumcover(herb)-0.26b-1.22b2.19a4.25a0.5190.0002.06a -2.45b -3.41b
HS1
Boronia citriodora cover (shrub)1.93-0.622.06-0.020.0050.836-2.08 0.13 -2.72
Boronia citriodora height (shrub)6.1a-17.64c-0.5b-11.71bc0.0000.342-11.21b 6.6a -17.14b
Ehrhartatasmanicacover(grass)-0.02bc1.21ab-0.77c2.27a0.0000.1023.04a 0.75b 1.98ab
Ehrhartatasmanicaheight (grass)2.2ab -3.07b8.1a1.93ab0.0450.156-6.17 -5.9 -11.17
Empodisma minus height (sedge)5.2ab-19.36c6.7a-7.86b0.0000.071-14.56a -1.5a -26.06b
Gymnoschoenussphaerocephaluscov (sed)-4.9a-40.36b0.8a-44.43b0.0000.585-45.23b -5.7a -41.16b
Gymnoschoenussphaerocephalus ht (sed)14.6a1.86b10.1ab-0.43b0.0010.547-10.53b 4.5a -8.24b
Lepidospermafiliforme cover (sedge)0.12b-0.05b0.19b1.96a0.0940.0070.77a -0.07b -0.24b
Lepidospermafiliforme height (sedge)2.4a-18.64b3.0a0.43a0.0090.006-2.57a -0.6a -21.64b
Leptospermum nitidumcover (shrub)5.4a-4.96b1.59ab-4.29b0.0020.589-5.88b 3.81a -6.55b
Leptospermum nitidum height (shrub)8.8a-18.64b 4.3a-16.57b0.0000.833-20.87b 4.5a -22.94b
Lepyrodiatasmanica cover (sedge)0.44-2.94-1.07-3.990.0270.651-2.92 1.51 -1.87
Lepyrodiatasmanica height (sedge)15.7a-16.93b 9.1a-13.29b0.0000.510-22.39b 6.6a -26.03b
Sprengeliaincarnata cover (shrub)0.04-0.36 0.2-0.420.0030.786-0.62 -0.16 -0.38
Sprengeliaincarnataheight (shrub)-9.6ab-35.57c 9.1a-27.64bc0.0000.124-36.74b-18.7a -44.57b
HS2
Baloskionaustrale cover (sedge)1.77a-1.08ab0.96ab-2.17b0.0010.531-3.13b 0.81a -2.04ab
Baloskionaustrale height (sedge)12.7a-11.6b3.2ab-12.5b0.0000.341-15.7b 9.5a -14.8b
Empodisma minus height (sedge)15.1a-0.60b16.0a0.3b0.0000.970-15.7b -0.9a -16.6b
Epacris gunniicover (shrub)4.46a-4.17b3.20ab-2.46ab0.0020.787-5.66ab 1.26a -7.37b
Epacris gunnii height (shrub)14.2a-33.0b-0.70c-22.7bc0.0000.148-22.0b 14.9a -32.3c
Gymnoschoenussphaerocephaluscov (sed)5.5a-17.6b11.5a-18.0b0.0000.275-39.5b -6.0a -29.1b
Gymnoschoenussphaerocephalus ht (sed)7.4ab3.0b16.2a0.2b0.0000.019-16.0 -8.8 -13.2
Lepidospermafiliforme height (sedge)11.0ab3.5b16.4a1.7b0.0000.319-14.7 -5.4 -12.9
Oreobolusdistichus cover (sedge)1.39ab2.36a-2.12b0.3ab0.0930.0212.42 3.51 4.48
Restiocomplanatuscover (sedge)2.41a-7.3b-1.6ab-2.15ab0.0440.186-0.55ab 4.01a -5.7b
Restiocomplanatus height (sedge)17.2a-9.4b7.3ab-14.2b0.0000.435-21.5 9.9 -16.7
Site means for different fence (burn site) treatments and different effects are statistically identical (P > 0.05) if they share a letter.