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Name ______
FES 456 / 557 - Tree Pests and Disease
Exam #1 - 100 Points February 25, 2013
Short answer or fill-in:
Insert the best term or statement for answering the following questions. Note: up to 5 extra credit points can be earned if answers give more information than required.
1. (15 pt) During the 1990’s, there were bark beetle outbreaks in white spruce stands on Maine’s coastal islands. The stands had developed on old sheep pastures that were abandoned around 1900. Adjacent forest stands, cut but never cleared for pasture, had red spruce just as old but with little mortality. You need to provide a good explanation as to why the white spruce stands suffered such high mortality. To do so, list and justify what additional information you would want to get (at least 3 items) (make sure you have 15 points worth of information). a)______b)______c)______
2. (6 pt) Based on what you propose above, what could be predisposing factors, what could be the inciting stress, and what could be contributing factors to the mortality? If the justification isn’t apparent above, then also justify your classification of the factors.predisposing:______inciting: ______contributing: ______
3. (9 pt) Define what is a healthy tree:______How can this be measured? (2 measures, justify answer)a)______b)______
4. (3 pt) What is the insect order? (Coleoptera Dictyoptera Diptera Hemiptera Heteroptera Homoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Odonata Orthoptera)a)______b) ______c) ______
5. (1 pt) Sexual spores from this sample are termed: ______
6. (1 pt) Sexual spores from this sample are termed: ______
7. (9 pts) What is one effective control strategy for insect pests of trees?______Which two characteristics of insects make them vulnerable to this control option? Justify a)______b)______
8. (6 pts) What is one effective control strategy for a fungal pathogen of trees?______Give one characteristics of fungi that make them vulnerable to this control option? Justify ______
9. (3 pts) What symptom can a parasitic fungus cause on a tree?______What does the fungus do that results in this symptom?______
10. (3 pts) Are all parasites considered pathogens? Yes No (circle one). Explain______
11. (3 pts) Under which circumstances are chemical controls most likely used to kill insects (one item). Explain.______
12. (7 pts) Sketch a graph that clearly shows each parameter in the following equation:Nt+1 = (r-m)*Nt . Explain the equation by labeling the graph.
13. (3 pts) One example of an insecticide: ______What is one disadvantage in using this chemical in the forest?______69
14. (3 pts) To have an effective Integrated Pest Management Plan or Tree Health Management Plan, what must always be done (found in both of these strategies)?______Why? (1 reason)______
15. (8 pts) In Kolb and others 1994. Concepts of Forest Health. J. Forestry 92(7): 10-15 (relevant page on back of exam), the southwestern ponderosa pine forest is used as a case study as an example of forests that are not healthy. Choose one aspect that they consider unhealthy. Unhealthy attribute:______Why is this attribute considered by be “not natural” and “not healthy”? You can use concepts discussed in this class in addition to or in place of what was stated in the article. ______
16. (6 pts) How can trees end up growing on sites to which they are not adapted? There are 3 general possibilities.a)______b)______c)______
17. (10 pts) Why is it important to distinguish the predisposing, inciting, and contributing factors in disease in formulating appropriate pre-emptive measure to reduce risk of disease? Be sure to clearly indicate why a factor is predisposing and why an option is a pre-emptive measure. Give 2 reasons______
18. (4 pts) Establishing cause and effect for tree disease requires consistencies between symptoms and stress across space (area on a map), time, and amount of stress and disease. Explain what this means.______