Sergio A. Sañudo-WilhelmyNovember 2016
Professor
University of Southern California
Department of Biological Sciences (Marine Environmental Biology)
Department of Earth Sciences
3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 206
Los Angeles, California, 90089-0371
Tel: 213-821-1302
Email:
Current Research Interests
-Biogeochemistry and cycling of B-vitamins in different marine and freshwater systems.
-Retinal based proteorhodopsin biogechemistry.
-Trace metals biogeochemistry.
-Biogeochemistry of redox-sensitve elements.
-Impact of phytoplankton blooms on metals, carbon and nitrogen cycling.
-Impact of colloids on metals and organic carbon cycling in aquatic environments
-Impact of groundwater seepage on coastal waters
-Isotope geochemistry (stable lead isotopes).
-Development of new analytical techniques for measuring novel compounds in seawater and freshwater.
-Impact of CO2 and global warming on the functioning of the marine environment.
Education and Professional Experience
B.S. Oceanography. Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexico, 1983.
M.Sc. Marine Sciences. University of California, Santa Cruz. September 1987-June 1989.
Ph.D. Earth Sciences (Geochemistry). University of California, Santa Cruz September 1989-June 1993.
Assistant Professor, Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, 1993-2000.
Associate Professor, Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 2000-2006.
Professor, Department of Marine Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (2006- ).
Adjunct Professor, Centro de Investigaciones Oceanologicas y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) Adjunct (2005- )
Convener of the special section entitled "Geochemistry of Marine and Freshwater Colloids". February 1996: AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego, CA.
Panel Member of the “NOAA Educational Partnership Program: Environmental Entrepreneurship Program” Fiscal Year 2002 Proposals. Silver Spring Maryland, June 17-19, 2002
Participant of the Iron Intercalibration Workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation. December 5, 2002. San Francisco, California.
Member of the Long Island Sound Study Science &Technical Advisory Committee (EPA).
Panelist. May 2004 NSF Chemical Oceanography.
Convener of the special section entitled "Trace Metal Cycling in Aquatic Environments". June 19-24, 2005: ASLO Summer Meeting, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
2009 Gordon Research Conference; Discussion leader; Chemical Oceanography, Biogeochemical Mechanisms of Elemental Cycling in the Water Column. August 2-7, 2009 Tilton School Tilton, NH
2015 Associated Editor EBook entitled “Beyond the Iron age: the ecological relevance of bioactive trace metals other than Fe (e.g., Co, Mo, Ni) and organic growth factors (e.g., vitamins) in aquatic systems”. Frontiers in Microbiology.
2015 AGU Meeting December-Convener of the special section entitled:(Geotraces) Trace metal session (“unofficial tribute to Russ Flegal); Dec 14-18, 2015 San Francisco California
Fellowships and Awards
1991-1992 Organization of American States.
1992 Dr. Earl H. Myers and Ethel M. Myers Award
1998 Stony Brook Presidential Mini-Grant Award for Departmental Diversity Initiatives
Membership in Professional Societies
American Geophysical Union
The Geochemical Society
Former Graduate Student advisees
Ph.Ds
1. Chris Gobler-Ph.D. (Marine Sciences 1999)
Thesis: A Biogeochemical Investigation of Aureococcus anophagefferens Blooms: Interactions with Organic Nutrients and Trace Metals. Current Position: Professor, Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University.
2. Adam Kustka-Ph.D. (Marine Sciences 2002): Thesis title: Iron nutrition and metabolism of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. Current Position: Associate Professor; Rutgers University-Newark.
3. Mussie Okbamichael-Ph.D. (Marine Sciences 2005). Thesis title: Vitamin B12 in the marine environment: method development, ecological role and sources in the coastal ocean. Current Position: Assistant Professor, Chaffey College. Rancho Cucamonga, CA.
4. Aaron Beck-PhD. (Marine Sciences 2007); Thesis topic: Submarine groundwater discharge and trace metals in the coastal Ocean. Outstanding student paper award. 2006 AGU/ASLO Ocean Science Meeting. Hawaii, February 2006. Current position: Assistant Professor, Virginia Institute of Marine Science.
5. Deli Wang-PhD. (Marine Sciences 2007). Thesis title: Biogeochemistry of redox-sensitive elements in natural waters: chemical speciation of molybdenum and vanadium. Current position: Associate Professor, State Key laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, China.
6. Caterina Panzeca-Ph.D. (Marine Sciences 2007). Thesis title: B-vitamin cycling in coastal and open ocean systems. Current Position: Assistant Professor, State University of New York at Maritime College.
7. Susan M. Natali-Ph.D. (Ecology and Evolution 2008) (SB University; co-advisor: Manuel Lerdau). Thesis title: Effects of elevated CO2 on trace metals in forest leaves and soils. Current position: Assistant Scientist. Woods Hole Research Center. Falmouth MA.
8. Jose Antonio Segovia-Zavala.-Ph.D. (Oceanography 2009: CICESE Ensenada Mexico) (Lucila Lares-coadvisor). Thesis: Dissolved iron distributions in the central region of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Current Position: Professor. Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanologicas. Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Ensenada, Mexico.
9. Emily Smail. –Ph.D. (USC Biology 2012 ) Thesis title: B-vitamins in the Pacific Ocean: Ambient distributions and Biological impacts. Current Position: Science Officer and Coordinator for GEO Blue Planet Secretariat.
10. Nicholas Kline-Ph.D. (USC Ocean Sciences 2016) Thesis title: Marine biogenic halocarbons: potential for heterotrophic bacterial production and seasonality at San Pedro Ocean Time-series.
11. Paulina Pinedo-Gonzalez -Ph.D (USC Earth Sciences 2016) (Josh West-coadvisor). Thesis title: Concentration and size-partitioning of trace metals in surface waters of the global ocean and storm runoff; Current Position: Postdoctoral Fellow at USC-Columbia University.
12. Danielle Monteverde-Ph.D. (USC Earth Sciences 2016). Thesis title:Coenzyme requirements in life’s major biogeochemical cycles and their concentrations in the modern ocean.
13. Gustavo Ramirez-Ph.D. (USC Biological Sciences 2016). Thesis Title:Microbe-Mineral Interactions Monitored in situ with Osmotically-Powered Systems in Marine Environments. Current Position: Postdoctoral fellow University of Rhode Island.
Former Post-doctoral Advisees in Faculty Positions
1. Dr. Antonio Tovar-Sanchez (September 2001 to August 2003): Current Position: Associate Professor. IMEDEA, Mallorca, Spain. Recipient of the 2006 EUR-OCEANS Young Scientist Award.
2. Dr. Sophie Bonnet (September 2006 to March 2008). Current Position: Associate Professor. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement-IRD, Laboratoire d’Oceanographie Physique et Biogeochimique, Centre d’Oceanologie de Marseille-France.
Former Graduate Student advisees in Industry and in other areas.
1. Eric Breuer-M.S. (Marine Sciences 1997). Thesis: Distributions of Trace Metals and Dissolved Organic Carbon in a Brown Tide influenced Estuary: The Peconics (co-adviser: R. Aller). Thesis published in Estuaries. Current Position: Research Support Specialist. Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory. PO Box 3, Oban, Argyll PA34 4AD, Scotland, UK.
2. Daniel Montlucon-M.S. (Hydrogeology 1998). Thesis: Influence of Groundwater Seepage on Nutrients and Metal Concentrations in a Coastal Environment: Flanders Bay, Long Island New York. Thesis published in Environmental Science and Technology. Current Position: Research Associate. Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
3. Min Yang-M.S. (Marine Sciences 1997). Thesis: Phase Speciation of Cadmium and Manganese in the Hudson River Estuary: Interannual and Seasonal Variability. Thesis published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Current Position: Environmental Chemist. Interstate Sanitation Commission, 2800Victory Blvd. The College of
Staten Island, Staten Island, NY 10314.
4. Martha Young-M.S. (Stony Brook- Marine Sciences 1999). Thesis: Chromium cycling in the surface waters of the Hudson River estuary (Coadviser; L. Swanson). Current Position: Environmental Scientist II. Michael Baker, Jr. Inc. Dunbar, West Virginia.
5. David Lewit-M.S. ( Stony Brook-Hydrogeology 2000). Thesis title: The use of tangential flow ultrafiltration to isolate colloidal metals ingroundwater. Current position: Assistant Geoscientist, Roy F. Weston, Inc. Raritan Plaza III, Suite 2B, 101 Fieldcrest Ave. Edison, NJ 08837-3622.
6. Karin Olsen-M.S. (Stony Brook-Marine Sciences 2000). Thesis title: Distribution of trace metals in surface waters of the Weddell Sea. Thesis published in Marine Chemistry. Current Position: Environmental Scientist. EA Engineering, Science and Technology. 15 Coveton Circle, Sparks, MD 21152. Recipient of the 1998 August Guerrera Award for groundwater research on Long Island.
7. Francis Rossi-M.S. (Stony Brook-Marine Sciences 2000; Co-adviser: H. Bokuinewicz). Thesis title: Size-fractionated trace metals, organic carbon and inorganic nutrients in groundwater of Long Island: importance of colloidal forms.Thesis published in Environmental Science and Technology. Current Position: Hydrogeologist, ARCADIS Geraghty and Miller Inc. 88 Duryea Rd. Melville, NY 11747. Recipient of the 1999 August Guerrera Award for groundwater research on Long Island.
8. Jinna M. Riley-M.S. (Stony Brook- Marine Sciences 2000) . Thesis title: Distribution of Cd, Cu, and Ni in surface waters of the subtropical North Atlantic. Current Position: Chemist, Quality Control Department. AIR Advance Inhalation Center. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
9. Lori Clark-M.S (Marine Sciences 2000). Thesis title: Cycling of metals, organic and inorganic nutrients in a Barrier Island:The Great South Bay, Long Island. Current Position: Associate Professor, Moorpark College, Ventura, California
10. William Kentrup-MS. (Stony Brook-Marine Sciences 2002). Thesis: Impact of phytoplankton blooms on the fractionation of trace metals: Importance of colloidal particles. Current Position: Director, Noble Environmental Solutions Ltd. (NES), 18th Floor, MassMutual Tower, 38 Gloucester Road, Hong Kong. Phone: 852-2861-4654; Fax: 852-2527-0282.
11. Nathaniel Buck (Marine Sciences 2002): Cycling of dissolved trace metals and organic carbon in the Long Island Sound. Thesis published in Environmental Science and Technology. Current Position: Research Support. NOAA Seattle Washington.
12. Yoko Tsukamoto-MS. (Stony Brook- Marine Sciences, 2003). Thesis title: The importance of chemical reactions in subterranean estuaries: concentrations of trace metals and nutrients in submarine groundwater seepage at West Neck Bay, Long Island, New York. Recipient of the 2003 August Guerrera Award for groundwater research on Long Island. Thesis published in Aquatic geochemistry.
13. Andrea Grabman-M.S. (Stony Brook-Marine Sciences 2004) Thesis Title: An investigation of the outcome of remediation efforts of a superfund site: trace metal levels in the water column and in Callinectes sapidus from Foundry Cove, New York. Current position:
14. Courtnay Hull-MS(Marine Sciences 2006). Thesis title: Trace metals in New York Metropolitan Area Marine systems: National Coastal Assessment Results 2000-2002. Current Position: Director of Education. The Ward Melville Heritage Organization. Stony Brook, NY
15. Jason Vo-MS. (Biology USC 2011). Thesis: diel cycle of B-vitamins off Catalina. Current Position: Research Associate. NovaBay Pharmaceuticals.
16. Brian Seegers-MS. (Ocean Sciences USC 2013). Thesis: Development of a new techniques to measure retinal in natural populations of microbes. Current Position: Research Associate. The Scripps Research Institute Flow Cytometry Core Facility.
17. Haig Aintablian-MS (Molecular Biology USC 2014). The Role of B-vitamins, bioactive trace metals, and macro-nutrients on Harmful Algal Blooms in freshwater systems: Clear Lake California as a case study. Current position: School of Medicine. Arizona State University.
Current Graduate advisees
Ph.Ds
Christopher Suffridge (Biology)
Babak Hassanzadeh (Biology)
Martin Van-Den-Berghe (Earth Sciences)
Courses Taught at USC
Fall 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2015, 2016-BISC 582 Advanced Biological Oceanography.
Spring 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016- BISC 427 Global Environment.
University Service
Member of the Wrigley Transition Committee (2006)
Member of the Natural Sciences and Mathematics Personnel Committee (2008-2009)
Elected Member of the Dornsife Faculty Council (2012-2014)
Member of the Dornsife Faculty Diversity Committee (2015)
Department Service
MEB Academic Director (2010-2012)
MEB Member of the Admission Committee (2006-)
MEB Member of the Graduate Program Ad-hoc Committee (2006-2007).
MEB Member of the Graduate Screening examination committee (2007-2009)
MEB Chair of the Recruitment Committee (2007-)
MEB Student Progress Review Committee (2009-)
MEB Major Equipment Committee (2008-)
MEB Seminar Coordinator (2010-2012)
MEB Chair of the Systems and Ecosystem Modeling Faculty Search (2011-2012)
GEO Member of the Climate Search Committee (2007)
GEO and MEB Member of the Wilford and Daris Zinsmeyer Chair in Marine Studies search committee (2008).
GEO Member of the Climate Modeling Faculty Search Committee (2009)
GEO Member of the High Temperature Geochemistry Faculty Search Committee (2015)
GEO Faculty Merit Committee (2014-2015).
GEO and MEB Member of the Geobiology Faculty Search Committee (2016)
Reviewer for (last 2 years):
Nature, Science, Marine Chemistry, Environmental Science and Technology, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Deep-Sea Research, Limnology and Oceanography, ISME journal, National Science Foundation.
Refereed publications
* Graduate and **undergraduate advisees’ publications
Manuscripts under Review:
*Suffridge, C., L. Cutter, S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy. A novel method to directly measure paticulate/intracellular B-vitamins and its congeners in marine environments using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Frontiers in Marine Sciences.
Gómez-Consarnau L, N. M. Levine, L. Cutter, D. Wang, B. Seegers, J. Aristegui, J.A. Fuhrman, J.M. Gasol, S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. Marine proteorhodopsins rival chlorophyll in solar energy capture. Under review in Nature.
Gómez-Consarnau L., R. Sachdeva, S. Gifford, L.S. Cutter, J.A. Fuhrman, S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy and M.A. Moran. B-vitamin synthesis and utilization by a natural marine microbial community. Under review in Nature Communications.
Manuscripts published and in press:
2016
125. *Pinedo-Gonzalez, P., B. Hellige, J. West, S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy. Changes in size-fractionation of metals in storm runoff following wildfires: implications for the transport of bioactive trace metas. Applied Geochemistry (in press).
124. *Monteverde, D., Gomez-Consarnau, L., Suffridge, C. and S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy. Life’s utilization of B-vitamins on early life. Geobiology (in press).
123. Gómez-Consarnau, L., J. M. González, T. Riedel, S. Jaenicke, I. Wagner-Döbler, S. A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy, J. A. Fuhrman. 2016. Proteorhodopsin light-enhanced growth linked to vitamin B1 acquisition in marine Flavobacteria. ISME Journal 10, 1102-1112.
2015
122. *Paulina Pinedo-González, A. Joshua West, Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, Carlos M. Duarte, Emilio Marañón, Pedro Cermeño, Natalia González, Cristina Sobrino, María Huete-Ortega, Ana Fernández, Daffne C. López-Sandoval, Montserrat Vidal, Dolors Blasco, Marta Estrada, Sergio Sañudo- Wilhelmy. 2015. Surface distribution of dissolved trace metals in the oligotrophic ocean and their influence on phytoplankton biomass and productivity. Global Biogeochemical Cycles .29, 1763–1781, doi:10.1002/2015GB005149.
121. *Monteverde, D., Gomez-Consarnau, L., Cutter, L., Chong, L., Berelson, W., and S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy. 2015. Vitamin B1 in marine sediments: pore water concentration gradient drives benthic flux with potential biological implications. Frontiers in Microbiology 6:434. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00434.
120. Gomez-Consarnau, L. and Sañudo-Wilhelmy S.A. 2015. Beyond the iron age: the ecological relevance of bioactive trace metals other than iron and organic growth factors in aquatic systems. Frontiers in Microbiology 6:218. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00218.
119. Del Valle D.A., Martínez-García S., Sañudo-Wilhelmy S.A., Kiene R.P., Karl D.M. 2015. Methionine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate as sources of sulfur to the microbial community of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 75: 103-116.
2014
118. Tovar-Sanchez, A., Arrieta, J.M., C.M. Duarte and S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy. 2014. Spatial gradients in trace metal concentrations in the surface microlayer of the Mediterranean Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science-Biogeochemistry doi:10.3389/fmars.2014.00079
117. *Pinedo-Gonzalez, P., West, J.A. Rivera-Duarte, I., and S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy. 2014. Diel changes in trace metal concentration and distribution in coastal waters: Catalina Island as a study case. Environmental Science and Technology 48, 7730-7737.
116. Carini, P., O Campbell, E., Morre, J., Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S.A. Thrash, J.C., Bennet, S.E., Temperton, B., Begley, T. and S.J. Giovannoni. 2014. Discovery of a SAR11 growth requirement for thiamin’s pyrimidine precursor and its distribution in the Sargasso Sea. ISME Journal 8, 1727-1738.
115. Koch, F., Burson-O’Byrne1, A., Tang, Y-Z., Collier J.L., Fisher,N.S., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A. and C.J. Gobler. 2014. Alteration of plankton communities and biogeochemical cycles by harmful Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) blooms. Harmful Algae 33, 41-54.
114. Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A, Gomez-Consarnau, L., Suffridge, C., and E.A. Webb. 2014. The role of B vitamins in marine biogeochemistry. Annual Review in Marine Science 6, 339-367.
2013
113. Koch, F., S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy, N.S. Fisher, C.J. Gobler. 2013. Effect of vitamins B1 and B12 on bloom dynamics of the harmful brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae). Limnology and Oceanography 58 (5), 1761-1774.
112. Bonnet, S., Tovar-Sanchez, A., Panzeca, C., Duarte, C.M., Ortega-Retuerta, E., and S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy. 2013. Geographical gradients of dissolved vitamin B12 in the Mediterranean sea. Frontiers in Microbiology 4, article 126. Doi:10.3389/fmicb2013.00126.
111. Gobler, C.J., A.V. Lobanon, Y-Z, Tang, A.A. Turanov, Y. Zhang, M. Doblin, G.T.Taylor, S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy, I.V. Grigoriev and V.N. Gladyshev. 2013. The central role of selenium in the biochemistry and ecology of the harmful pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. ISME journal 7, 1333-1343.
110. Koch, F., Hattenrath-Lehmann, T.K., Goleski, J.A., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A., Fisher, N.S., and C. J. Gobler. 2013. Vitamin B1 and B12 uptake and cycling by plankton communities in coastal ecosystems. Frontiers in Microbiology, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00363.
109. Romero, I.C., Klein, N.J., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A. and DG Capone. 2013. Potential trace metal co-limitation controls on N2 fixation and NO3-uptake in lakes with varying trophic status. Frontiers in Microbiology 4, article 54. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb2013.00054.
108. *Barada, L.P., Cutter, L.S., Montoya, J.P., Webb, E.A., Capone, D.G. and Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2013. The distribution of thiamin and pyridoxine in the western tropical North Atlantic Amazon River plume. Frontiers in Microbiology 4, article 25. Doi 10.3389/fmicb 2013.00025.
107. *Klein, N.J., Beck, A.J., Hutchins, D.A. and S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2013. Regression modeling of the North East Atlantic Spring Bloom suggests a previously unrecognized biological role for V and Mo. Frontiers in Microbiology 4, article 45. Doi 10.3389/fmicb 2013.00045
2012
106. Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A., et al. 2012. Multiple B-vitamin depletion in large areas of the coastal ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (35); 14041-14045.
105. Knapp, A.N., Sigman, D.M., Kustka, A., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A., and D.G. Capone. 2012. The distinct nitrogen isotopic compositions of low and high molecular weight marine DON. Marine Chemistry 136-137; 24-33.
104. *Smail, E.A., E.A. Webb, R.P. Franks, K.W. Bruland, and S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2012. Status of metal contamination in surface waters of the coastal ocean off Los Angeles, California since the implementation of the Clean Water Act. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 4304-4311.
103. King, A.L., S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy, P.W. Boyd, B.S. Twining, S.W. Wilhelm, C. Brene, M.J. Ellwood, and D.A. Hutchins. 2012. A comparison of biogenic iron quotas during a diatom spring bloom using multiple approaches. Biogeosciences 9 (2), 667-687.
2011
102. *Segovia-Zavala, J.A. et al. 2011. Vertical distributions of dissolved iron, copper and cadmium in Ballenas channel, Gulf of California. Ciencias Marinas 37, 457-469.
101. Chen, Y., Tovar-Sanchez, A., Siefert, R.L., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A. and G. Zhuang. 2011. Luxury uptake of aerosol iron by Trichodesmium in the western tropical North Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters 38, L18602, doi:10.1029/2011GL048972, 2011.
100. Chase, Z., Paytan, A., Beck, A., Biller, D., Bruland, K., Measures, C., and S. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2011. Evaluating the impact of atmospheric deposition on dissolved trace-metals in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Marine Chemistry 126, 256-268.
99. Koch, F., M.A. Marcoval, C. Panzeca, K.W. Bruland, S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy and C.J. Gobler. 2011. The effect of vitamin B12 on phytoplankton growth and community structure in the Gulf of Alaska. Limnology and Oceanography 56 (3), 1023-1034.
98. *Wang, D., R.C. Aller and S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2011. Redox speciation and early diagenetic behavior of dissolved molybdenum in sulfidic muds. Marine Chemistry 125, 101-107.
97. King, A.L., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A., Leblanc, K., Hutchins, D.A. and F-X Fu. 2011. CO2 and vitamin B12 interactions determine iron requirements of a subarctic Pacific diatom. ISME journal5, 1388-1396.
2010
96. Tovar-Sanchez, A. and S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2010. Influence of the Amazon River on dissolved and intra-cellular metal concentrations in Trichodesmium colonies along the western boundary of the sub-tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Biogeosciences, 7, 6523-6543.
95. Kretzmann, M., L. Rohrbach, K. Durham, R. DiGiovanni and S.A. Sanudo-Wilhelmy. 2010. Trace metal burdens in stranded seals from Long Island, NY: Potential evidence for species differences in foraging. Aquatic Mammals 36 (2), 178-187.