Chapter 7: Conflicts of Empire
Section 1: Changes in Spanish Texas (Pg. 136-139)
1. What area of land was fought for in the French and Indian War (the Seven Years’ War)?
Fought for control of the Ohio River Valley
2. What three things did the 1763 Treaty of Paris require of France and Spain?
France and Spain to cede territory to Britain, France gave up Canada and all claims east of the Mississippi River, Spain ceded Florida
3. Under a separate treaty, what did Spain gain? What affect did it have on France?
Spain gained New Orleans and Louisiana, included all French territory west of the Mississippi River; France no longer posed a threat to Texas
4. Who was sent in 1766 by the king of Spain to report on the conditions of Spanish America?
Marques de Rubi
5. Why was Marques de Rubi concerned about the conditions of the presidios?
most presidios needed repairs, were staffed by soldiers who lived in poverty, often without decent uniforms or equipment
6. With the failure of Spain’s attempts to befriend and convert the American Indians to Christianity, what two American Indian groups saw the Spain as enemies?
Apaches and Comanches
7. After traveling for two years through Texas, what three things did Rubi come to understand?
Spain did not have the power, wealth, or people necessary to hold such a huge, remote region
8. Why did Marques de Rubi recommend withdrawing from much of Texas (4 things)?
abandon all missions and presidios except La Bahia and San Antonio; San Antonio should be the capital; Spanish population in East Texas move to San Antonio for stronger defenses; Spanish should make friends with Comanches to fight against the Apaches
9. What are Tejanos, and why didn’t they want to leave the region around Los Adaes?
Texas settlers of Spanish descent; they had established homes, farms, and ranches in the area
10. After being forced to leave the Los Adaes region and move to San Antonio, why were many newcomers unhappy?
best farmland around settlement was already taken
11. What did Gil Ybarbo do to help East Texans?
Received permission to settle along the Trinity River.
12. Why did the town of Nacogdoches prosper (2 things)?
not exposed to the attack from hostile Indians; developed illegal trade with Louisiana and nearby Indians
13. What did the Spanish government do in 1785, and what was the result?
signed a peace treaty with the Comanches; Comanches agreed to stop raiding Spanish settlements in return for yearly gifts-beads, clothes, mirrors, shoes
Section 2: Disputes with the United States (Pg. 140-142)
14. Despite Spain helping the United States win its independence, why did Spanish officials begin to see the United States as a threat?
the US was quickly expanding westward and moved into Spanish Louisiana to the Red River without permission
15. What was Spain forced to do in 1800?
Spain returned Louisiana to France
16. How much money did the U.S. pay France for the Purchase of Louisiana?
15 million
17. What territory became known as the Neutral Ground by the Spanish and U.S. military leaders?
the area between the Sabine and the Arroyo Hondo
18. What was the result of the signing of the Adams-Onis Treaty by Spain and the U.S. in 1819?
the US gave up all claims to Texas in exchange for the Neutral Ground and Florida
Section 3: Unrest and Revolution (Pg. 143-147)
19. Who was Philip Nolan, and why did Spanish officials grow suspicious of him?
a mustang trader; thought he was a spy for Wilkinson, his former boss
20. What are filibusters, and what was their goal of raiding Texas (2 things)?
military adventurers who tried to stir up rebellion in other countries; wanted to free Texas from Spanish rule by either becoming an independent country or joining the US or to profit by causing chaos in Texas
21. What was the passionate cry given by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla that called for the end of peninsulares called?
Grito de Delores
22. What was the result of the Grito de Delores?
a revolt against the governing peninsulares became a war again Spain for Mexican independence.
23. Who led the fight for freedom after Hidalgo’s death?
Jose Gutierrez de Lara
24. Who was Jose Gutierrez de Lara?
one of the leaders of the Republican Army of the North
25. What was the name given to the forces of Gutierrez de Lara and Augustus Magee?
Republican Army of the North
26. Why did the Gutierrez-Magee expedition (Republican Army of the North) fail?
many soldiers became upset and left the army; unhappy with the leadership of Gutierrez
27. What was the outcome of the Battle of Medina?
Mexican army won a major victory over Republican Army of the North
28. Who was Jean Lafitte, and what did claim to fight for?
a French pirate in Galveston; claimed to be fighting for Mexican independence
29. Who was James Long, and what did he declare about Texas?
best known filibuster; he claimed the people of Texas had wanted to join the United States.
30. What was the result of the death of James Long?
his death ended the early filibuster period in Texas
Section 4: Spanish Rule Ends in Mexico (Pg. 148-151)
31. Who was Agustin de Iturbide, and what three goals did he declare?
first emperor of Mexico; Mexico would be free from Spain, all people in Mexico would be equal, Catholicism would be the official religion
32. Once Mexico won its independence, what did Iturbide declare himself as?
Emperor Agustin I
33. What was the capital and largest town?
San Antonio
34. Name the three settlements located in Texas’s interior by 1821?
San Antonio, Goliad, Nacogdoches
35. What geographical feature helped make the lower Rio Grande region develop into a major ranching area?
scrub and semi-arid grasslands
36. To guard against American Indian attacks, how did wealthy ranchers guard themselves?
built stone houses that resembled small forts; put bars and shutters over windows; built watchtowers
37. How did the Tejanos adapt to their environment?
They raised livestock on the lush grasslands and built fortified houses that used local materials
38. What was the impact of Mexico’s War of Independence on Texas?
The population declined and the economy was left in ruins; relations with the American Indians worsened