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Scientific Revolution Learning Targets
Directions: write a number from 1-10 in the box that indicates how comfortable you feel with the learning target. A 1 means that you don’t know it at all, while a 10 means that you will feel comfortable teaching this to a class. In addition, use the space to write any notes and/or answer each question.
1. What causes a change in the collective paradigm (how people look at the world)?
2. Describe the geocentric/Middle Ages view of the universe?
3. Describe the heliocentric theory. What did Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, and Johannes Kepler contribute to this theory?
4. How did Nicolas Copernicus' heliocentric theory challenge the collective paradigm?
5. How did the three laws of planetary motion challenge the current paradigm and who discovered them?
6. How did Galileo use his telescope to change the status quo?
7. What did Francis Bacon believe about explaining reality?
8. How does Rene Descartes' quote "I think, therefore I am" explain his ideas?
9. How did Isaac Newton's three laws of motion and law of gravity challenge the Middle Ages view of the universe?
10. Explain Boyle's law.
11. In what ways did Andreas Vesalius contribute to the "new science?"
12. What did William Harvey prove?
13. What was revolutionary about this "new science?"
Three Theories of the Solar System
Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the illustrations carefully. Then answer the questions that follow.
In the second century A.D., Claudius Ptolemy, anastronomer who lived in Egypt, claimed that thesun, stars, and other planets revolved around theearth. These ideas were unchallenged nearly 1,300years until Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer,discovered his revolutionary theory about the sun.
Ptolemy had believed in his geocentric or earth-centeredview for several reasons. First, because ofgravity all objects were attracted to the earth, whichsuggested to him that the earth must be the center.
Second, he thought that the earth did not move. He showed how an object is thrown in the air andfalls in practically the same place. If the earth moved,he theorized, that object should fall in a differentplace. Even today, these arguments would be difficultto disprove by observation. As a result, Ptolemy’sviews remained undisputed for centuries.
During the 1500s, Copernicus did not acceptthe Ptolemaic view. He became convinced that adifferent explanation of the solar system existed.After 25 years of observation, Copernicus concluded that the sun was the center of the solar systemand that the planets, including the earth, revolvedaround the sun in “perfect divine circles.”
Copernicus’s conclusion at first went practicallyunnoticed. However, in the 1600s a Germanastronomer, Johannes Kepler, supported Copernicus’sbelief with mathematics. He also proved that theplanets travel in ellipses (ovals), not perfect circles,around the sun. Both Copernicus’s and Kepler’sbreakthroughs laid the foundation of modern dayknowledge of the solar system.
Interpreting Text and Visuals
1. What object did Ptolemy claim was at the center of the universe? ______
2. What object did Copernicus conclude was actually at the center of the universe? ______
3. What object is farthest from the center in all three systems? ______
4. What object is closest to the earth in all three systems? ______
5. According to Ptolemy, where was the sun in relation to Earth and the other planets? ______
______
6. According to Copernicus, what planets are located between the sun and the Earth? ______
______
7. What is the main difference between Kepler’s system and the Copernican system? ______
______
8. Compare the way Ptolemy provided proof for his theory with the way Kepler provided proof
for his theory.______
______
______
Do you think Ptolemy’s proof of his beliefs would be acceptable today? Why or why not?
______
______
1. In the scientific method, how is the hypothesis tested?
2. What options do scientists have when their observations and data don’t support their hypotheses?
3. What advantages did the scientific method provide over earlier methods?
Scientific Ideas and Discoveries, pages 192-194. Explain each person and the significance of his discovery/idea.Scientific Instruments / Biology and Medicine / Chemistry / Gravity
Leeuwenhoek- / Vesalius- / Boyle- / Newton-
Toricelli- / Jenner-
Fahrenheit/ Celsius-