Thinking
Geographically
•Maps
•-science of map-making
–Earlymapmaking(stickcharts,petroglyphs)
–Mapscale–relationofafeature’ssizeona maptoitsactualsize onEarth
•scale–largeversussmall scale
•scale–written,graphic,fractional
–Projection–transferringthefeaturesonaglobetoamap.
Propertiesofshape,distance,size anddirectionaredistorted.(e.g.cylindrical,azimuthal,planarandequalarea)
-LandOrdinance of1785-Alawthatdividedmuch oftheUS intoa systemoftownshipstofacilitatethesaleoflandtosettlers.
-Townshipsare6x6milesor 36sectionsofone sq.mile
-North-Southlinesareprincipalmeridians
-Sectionsaredividedintofour quartersections resultinginUSGSquadrangletopographic maps
-East-Westlinesaredesignatedbaselines
-Eachtownshiphas anumbercorrespondingtoitsdistance northorsouthofaparticularbaseline
-Mostpioneers bought0.5x0.5mileplots
•ContemporaryTools
–GIS– GeographicInformationSystem
•Asystemofcomputerhardwareand softwarethatcancapture,store,query, analyze,anddisplaygeographicdata.
•isstoredin discretelayers(e.g.roads,wetlands)
•Layerscanbeviewed independentlyorcombined
•Enablesdatato beanalyzed(i.e. onecan calculatewhetherrelationshipsbetween objectsonamapare significantorcoincidental).
•%ofgeographymajorsgointoGIS
•Moremapsin last5 yrsusingGISthanallpriormaps
•EveryindustryusesGIS
•CESARlabatSDSUandMesaarenodesforGIS
•ContemporaryToolscontd.
–– acquisitionofdataaboutEarth’s
surface froma remotelocation
•LandsatSatellitestransmitdigitaldata
•Sonar,Radar,ThermalInfrared,Microwave,ArialPhotographs
•Primaryapplicationsarephysicalandincludemappingofvegetation,weatherpatterns,deforestation,surfaceoceanandlandtemperatures,desertification,urbansprawl,etc.
•CheckoutUSGS,NOAAandUS NationalMappingInfo
•ContemporaryToolscontd.
–GPS –determinesaccuratelytheprecisepositionofsomethingon Earth.
•24satellitesorbitEarthand processoftriangulationgiveslatitude,longitudeandaltitude
•Commonlyusedfornavigationandaviation
•GeographersuseGPS to codepreciselocationsofobjectsfornumericaldatain acomputerwhichallowsforstatisticalanalysisofquantitativedata
•Place:Uniquelocationofafeature
–Placenames
•-namegivento aplaceonEarth(e.g.El Cajon,MesaCollege).Longestnameonp.16
–Site-Describesphysicalcharacterof a place
•Sitecharacteristicsinclude,water sources,topography,soil, ,latitude,andelevation.
•Essentialisselectinglocationsforsettlements
•Place:Uniquelocationof a featurecontd.
–Situation–Isthelocationofaplacerelativeto otherplaces.
•PointLoma,because ofitslocationatthe southerntipofapeninsula,isaccessible toshipscomingandgoingoutofSanDiegoBay(e.g.militarysubmarines)
–Mathematicallocation-geographicgridincludinglatitudeandlongitude
•arelinesofequallongitude
•Eachpaircutstheglobeintotwoequalhalves
•Meridiansofinterest: Prime Meridian (0degrees)andIntl Dateline(180degrees)
•arelinesofequallatitude
•Parallelsofinterest: Poles(90),Arctic andAntarctic Circle (66.5NorthandSouth),Tropics(23.5NandS),Equator(0)
•Regions:Areasofuniquecharacteristics
–Culturallandscape-a combinationofculturalfeaturessuchas language,religion,agriculture,industry, climatethatgivesa regionitsunifiedcharacter.
•CarlSauer(1889-1975)definedandwroteextensivelyaboutculturallandscape.
•“_”includesthethoughts,feelingsandmentalmapsapersondevelopsabouta certainplace.
•Culturallandscapesareoftenstudiedunderthe “regionalapproach”(e.g.WorldRegionalGeography)
•Geographerssortoutassociatesamongvarioussocialandphysicalcharacteristics,eachofwhichisuniquelydistributedacrosstheEarth’ssurface.
•Regions:Areasofuniquecharacteristicscontd.
–Typesofregions
•FormalRegion-areawithinwhich everyonesharesincommononeormore _.
»Someformalregionsareeasy toidentifysuchas countriesorlocalgovernment units(e.g.California)
»Otherregionsfeaturepredominantcharacteristicssuchasclimate(SunBelt)or votingpreferences(RedandBluecorrespond withdominant regionalpreferences)
»Problemsinidentificationof formal regionsariseduetodiversitywithinregions(maybeheldbyaminority)
•Regions:Areasofuniquecharacteristicscontd.
–Typesofregionscontd.
•FunctionalRegion(aka nodalregion)isanareaorganizedaroundanodeorfocalpoint.
»Regiontiedtoacentralpointby transportationorcommunicationor byeconomicassociations
»Functionalregionsfrequentlyoverlapthe formal regionsdelineatedby or boundaries.
•VernacularRegion(akaperceptualregion)isaplacethatpeoplebelieveexistsaspartoftheirculturalidentity.
»Emergefrom people’sinformal“senseofplace”rather thanfromscientificmodels
»helpidentifyvernacularregions
»ForExample,AmericanSouthisadistinctiveplacethattranscendsgeographic measurement-LancasterCounty,Pennsylvania
•Regions:Areas of uniquecharacteristicscontd.
–SpatialAssociation–phenomenaisanalyzedatvariousscalestodeterminewhether thereare or (e.g.ratesofcancerin US)
Regionalintegrationof culture
»Cultureincludesbeliefs,materialtraits,andsocialformsthattogetherconstitutethedistincttraditionofagroupofpeople
»Geographersstudywhythecustomaryideas,beliefs,andvaluesofapeopleproduceadistinctive cultureinaparticularplace
»Geographersarealsointerestedintheproductionanddistributionofmaterialwealth–food,clothing,shelter
»GeographersdivideworldregionsintoMDCs(moredevelopedcountries)andLDCs(lessdevelopedcountries)
•Regions:Areas of uniquecharacteristicscontd.
–Culturalecology-thegeographicstudyofhuman-environmentrelationships.
•Humboldtand Ritterencouragedscientiststoadoptmethodsofscientificinquiryusedby naturalscientistsand coined“environmentaldeterminism”
•EnvironmentalDeterminism–wasa 19thand early20thC.approachthatargued thatgenerallawssoughtby humangeographerscouldbefound inphysicalsciencesand indoing so, concentratedon howthephysicalenvironmentcausedsocialdevelopment.
•Regions:Areas ofuniquecharacteristicscontd.
CulturalEcologycontd.
•Contemporaryculturalecologyrejectsenvironmentaldeterminismandembracespossibilismwhich statesthatthephysicalenvironmentmaylimitsomehumanactions,butpeoplehavetheabilityto adjusttheirenvironment.
Humansview theirenvironmentasa collectionof
andcanchooseacourseofactionfrommanyalternativesin the environment.
Importantphysicalprocessesthathelphumangeographersunderstandthedistributionofhumanactivitiesareclimate,vegetation,soil,andlandforms.
WhyAreDifferent PlacesSimilar?
•Globalization:theincreasinginterconnectednessofpeopleandplacesthroughtheconvergingprocessesofeconomic,political,andculturalchange
ConvergingCurrentsofGlobalization
–Global
–Globaltransportation
linkworldregions
–Transnationalcorporations
–Global
agreements
–Globalizedmarketforconsumergoods
–Globalizationofworkers,managers,executives
COMPONENTSOFGLOBALIZATION
GlobalConsumerCulture
•Mayerodelocaldiversity
•Causesanincreasinggapineconomicconditionsbetweenregionsinthecoreandperiphery
•Cancausesocialtensionsbetweentraditionalcultures
–Examples:clothing,food,movies
–GlobalgoodsandservicesmorefamiliarinNorthAmericaasmanyoriginatedthere
•:occurswhenformsofAmericanpopculturespreadabroad aremeldedwithlocalculturaltraditions
–Hybriditesincludeworldbeatmusic,Asianfood,Japanesecomicbooks-foundworldwide
•Space:Distributionoffeatures
–Distribution-arrangementofafeatureinspaceidentifiedbythreeproperties: ,
and.
•Density-the frequencywithwhichsomethingoccursinspace.
–Arithmeticdensity-total#ofobjectsinanarea(12/mi2)
–Physiologicaldensity-#persons/unitofarableland
–Agriculturaldensity-#farmersperunitareaoffarmland
•Space:Distributionoffeaturescontd.
•Concentration-extentofa feature’sspread over space.
–Clusteredversusdispersed
•Pattern-Geometricarrangement ofobjectsinspace.
–Geometricversusirregular(e.g. manyAmericancitiescontainaregularpatternof streets,knownasa gridpattern,whichintersectatrightanglesatuniformintervalsto forsquareorrectangularblocks.)
•Connectionsbetweenplaces
Space-timecompression-describesthereductionin the timeit takesforsomethingto reachanotherplace. Expeditesglobalization.
–-interactiontakesplacethroughnetworkswhichlinkplacestogetheroverspaceandtime(internet,transport,etc.)
»Distancedecay-aneconomicprinciple thatstates thatthefartherawayonegroupisfromanother, theless likelythe twogroupsaretointeract.Inotherwords,contactdiminisheswith increasing distance andeventuallydisappears.
•Connectionsbetweenplaces
–Diffusion-theprocessbywhichacharacteristicspreadsacrossspacefromoneplacetoanotherovertime.A“ ”istheplacefromwhichaninnovationoriginates.
•RelocationDiffusion-thespread ofan idea throughthephysicalmovement ofpeople fromone placetoanother(newAIDS cases)
•Connectionsbetweenplaces
•ExpansionDiffusion-thespread of a featurefromoneplacetoanotherina snowballingprocess.
»diffusion-spreadingfrompersonsornodesofauthorityorpower(hiphop)
»diffusion-rapid,widespreaddiffusionofa characteristicthroughoutthepopulation(AIDSprevention)
»diffusion-spreadofanunderlyingprinciple,even thougha characteristicitselfapparentlyfailsto diffuse(earlyApplecomputerconcepts)
Population
Demography-thescientificstudyofhumanpopulationcharacteristics.
Populationconcentrations
–Thefourlargestpopulationclusterscontain people
•EastAsia –onefifth totalpop
•SouthAsia–one fifth
•SoutheastAsia-500,000,000
•Europe–oneninth
–Otherpopulationclusters
•NortheasternUS/SECanada,WestAfrica
-theportionofEarth’ssurfaceoccupiedbypermanenthumansettlement.
•Sparselypopulatedregions
–DryLands-arid-30-50northandsouthlatitude
ColdLands-highlatitudes-50plusnoandsolat.
WetLands-tropics,severemidlatitudes
HighLands-mountains
OTE:There are exceptionsto thesepatterns
•Populationdensity-numberofpeopleoccupyinganareaoflandandcanbecomputedin severalways:
–Arithmeticdensityaka populationdensity-total#ofobjectsin anarea(78 persons/mi2ismeanUSdensity,butvariesbyscale)
Physiologicaldensity-#persons/unitofarableland(USaverageis156/mi2vsEgypt3503/mi2)
Agriculturaldensity-#farmersperunitareaoffarmland(USmeanis4/km2vsEgypt1401/km2)
•PopulationMeasures
–(NIR) – the percentageby
whicha populationgrows ina year.Excludesmigration.Currently1.3%.
»CrudeBirthRate (CBR)-total#oflivebirths/year/1000
»CrudeDeathRate(CDR)-total#deaths/year/1000
»Doublingtime-#yearsneededtodoubleapopulation,assumingaconstant NIR,currently54yrs.
•PopulationMeasurescontd.
–Fertility
»TotalFertilityRate (TFR)- average#ofchildrena womanwill havefrom15-49yrs.
–Mortality
»InfantMortalityRate (IMR)-annual#ofdeathsofinfantsunderoneyearofage,comparedwith totallivebirths.
»LifeExpectancy-measureoftheaverage#ofyearsanewborninfantcanexpectto liveat currentmortalitylevels.
NOTE:DistinctcontrastsexistbetweenMDC andLDC
•TheDemographicTransition
–1.Lowgrowth-HighCBR and CDR;Lowtotalpop
»Mostofhumanhistoryspent inStage1-noneinStage1today
»AgriculturalRevolutioncausedpopburstinStage1in8000BC
–2.Highgrowth-CDRdrops;CBRstabilizes
»IndustrialRevolutionallowedcountriestoenterStage2after1750
–3.Moderategrowth-BothCDRand CBRdrop;TotalPop growth declining
»Socialcustoms changing
–4.Lowgrowth-CBR equalsCDR;NIR closeto0.
»ZeroPopulationGrowth(ZPG)
•-displaysacountry’spopulationbyageandgendergroupsor“cohorts”onabargraph.
–distribution
»DependencyRatio-#peopletooyoungor oldtoworkcomparedtothe#ofpeopleintheir productive yrs.
–ratio
»Sexratioisthe#of males perhundredfemalesinpopulation
NOTE:Populationpyramids indicateone offourscenarios:rapidgrowth, slow growth, zerogrowth,or negativegrowth.
•Malthuson overpopulation
–ThomasMalthus(1766-1834)-oneofthe earliestdemographersandstillmost influentialtoday
–Published“AnEssayonthe PrincipleofPopulation”,1798
–Predictedthatpopulationwouldoutrunfoodsupply
•Neo-Malthusianstance
–SimilartoMalthus, but moreaggressive thesis
–RecognitionthatLDCs havethe mostrapidpopgrowthandas a result thegapbetweenpopandresources isincreasing
–ManyLDCs are worseofftodaythanthe past 3decadesas popgrowthoutpaceseconomic growth
–Worldpopgrowthisoutstrippinga widevarietyofresources
•Malthus’critics
–Arguethat poverty,hunger, etc.areassociatedw/unjust social/economicinstitutions,notpopgrowth
–Largepopulationcanstimulateeconomic development
•Decliningbirthrates
–Malthustheoryandreality
»Foodproductionduringlasthalfof20thC.hasgrownmorerapidlythanMalthuspredicted
»Popgrowth hasnotgrownasmuchasMalthuspredicted
»Neo-MalthusiansstatethatthoughtheglobalNIRisdroppingslightly(1.8to 1.3in 1990s),alargepopcanstillbe produceddueto thelargepopulationbase.
–Reasonsfordecliningbirthrates
»EconomicGrowth
»DistributionofContraceptives-someresistanceexists(i.e. religious,economic,education)
•Worldhealththreats
–isthebranchofmedicalscienceconcernedwiththeincidence,distribution,and controlofdiseasesthataffectlargenumbersofpeople.
Epidemiologicaltransitionsfocuson thedistinctivecausesofdeathineachstageoftheDemographicTransition
Epidemiologistsrely heavilyonconceptssuchasscale,connectionandspatialdiffusion,becausemeasurestocontrolandpreventanepidemicderivefromunderstandingitsdistinctivedistributionandmethodofdiffusion.
•Worldhealththreatscontd.
–EpidemiologicTransitionStages
»Stage1 isstageofpestilenceandfamine andincludedBlackPlague– widespreadsusceptibility
»Stage2 isstageofrecedingpandemic-Cholerawascommon in rapidlyindustrializingareasandpoorareas
»Stage3 isthestageofdegenerativeandhuman-causeddiseasessuchaschronicdisordersassociatedwithaginge.g.heartattacks,cancer;decreaseindeathsdueto infectiousdisease
•Worldhealththreatscontd.
–EpidemiologicTransitionStagescontd.
»Stage4 isthestageofdiseases
e.g.cancerisremovedor delayed,healthimprovesthroughdiet/exercise;lifespanincreasesduetoadvancedmedicine.
Stage5 isprojectedstageofreemergenceofinfectiousandparasiticdiseasesdueto evolutionandgeneticengineering,poverty(TB),improvedtravel(SARS,AIDS)
Migration
•Reasonsformigrating-Push/PullFactors
–Interveningobstacles-anenvironmentalorculturalfeaturethathindersmigration(documentation,languagebarrier,topography)
1.–jobopportunities
2.–slavery,politicalinstability
Refugees-peoplewhohavebeenforcedtomigrate fromtheirhomeandcannotreturnforfearofpersecutionduetorace,religion,nationality,politicalopinion,etc.
TwolargestinternationalrefugeegroupsarePalestiniansandAfghans(post1948and1979,respectively
TwolargestinternalrefugeesareSudanandAngola
•Reasonsformigrating-Push/PullFactors
3.Environmental-climate,water
•Distanceofmigration
–Internalmigration– largestcomponent
–Interregional(SoCaltoNor Cal)
–Intraregional(city tosuburbs)
–Internationalmigration
–Voluntary(e.g.economicopportunity)
–Forced(compelleddueto culturalfactors)
NOTE:pleasereviewmigrationtransitionp89
•Characteristicsofmigrants
–Gender
•Increasedfemalemigrationto theUS inpasttwo decadesreflectschangingroleofwomenesp.in Mexicansociety
–Familystatus
•Mostlong-distancemigrantsareyoungadultsseekingwork(%between 25-39yrs)
•Increasingpercentageare children(16%)
•Mexicanoriginare centralstatesanddestinationareoverwhelminglyon US/Mexborder
•Mostundocumentedresidentshaveno difficultyfindingjobsinUS
•Globalmigrationpatterns
•Asia,LatinAm,Africahavenetout-migration
•NoAmer,Europe,Oceaniahavenetin-migration
–Threelargestflows aretoEuropefromAsia, toNoAmerfromAsia,toNoAmerica fromLatinAmerica
Patternsreflect movement fromto
•U.S.migrationpatterns
–Colonialimmigration18thC.–fromEnglandandAfrica
»1millionEuropeanscamebeforeindependenceand1millioncameafterwarduntil1840
»90%werefromGreatBritainpriorto1840
»650,000AfricanAmericans were shippedasslavespriortomid19thC.
•U.S.migrationpatternscontd.
–19thcenturyimmigration– EuropetoUS
»AlmostexclusivelyEuropean(40million)
»Germany sent largest#(7.2million)
»ThreepeaksofEuropeanimmigration
–Recentimmigration20thC–Asia,LatinAmtoUS
»leadingsourceof immigrants in70s/80s
»2/3immigrants inlast twodecadesfromChina,Philippines,India,Vietnam
»Majorityofrecent immigrationfromLatinAmericawithincreasingly largernumbers of immigrant flows withlargestflow from Mexico,DominicanRepublic,ElSalvador
•U.S.migrationpatternscontd.
•ImpactofimmigrationontheU.S.
–LegacyofEuropean migration
»languages spokenbyhalftheworld’speople
»has largest# adherents
»European art,music, lit,philosophydiffused
–Undocumentedimmigration
»Between7-20millionundocumentedimmigrantsarelivinginUS
»Allowingillegalimmigrants tostay couldencourage moretocome placingburdens ontaxpayers andsocial services,etc.
»Mosttake very low-payingjobs that mostUScitizenswillnotaccept
–Destinationof immigrantswithintheU.S.
»Unevendistributionwith>50%inCA,FL,TX,NY
•Immigrationpoliciesof host countries
–U.S.quotalaws
»BrainDrain–largescaleemigrationbytalentedpeople
–Temporarymigrationforwork
»Guestworkers-citizensofpoorcountrieswhoobtainjobsin EuropeandMiddleEast
–Time-contractworkers
–Economicmigrantsorrefugees?
»Emigrantsfrom Cuba,HaitiandVietnameseboatpeople
•Culturalproblemslivinginothercountries
–U.S.attitudesto immigrants
•Newarrivalsaregenerallyregardedwith
•SomeUSstateshavevotedtodeny undocumentedimmigrantsaccesstopublic servicese.g.schools, day care, medical
•Lawstoenforce
–Attitudesto guestworkers
•Guestworkersandtheirhostcountryregardarrangementastemporary
•InMiddleEast,oil-exportingcountriesfearguestworkerswillsparkpoliticalunrestandabandonmentofIslamiccustoms
•SomeEuropeanandCanadiangovtspaytheirguestworkerstoreturnhome
MigrationwithinaCountry
•Migrationbetweenregionsofacountry
–OveralltrendinUSis
–MigrationbetweenregionswithintheU.S.
»InterregionalmigrationinUShasslowedduetolesspronouncedregionaldifferencesinemployment
–Migrationbetweenregionsinothercountries
»Sovietexpansioneastward
•Migrationwithinoneregion-akaintraregional
–Rural-urbanmigrationduring1800stoearly1900s
–Urban-suburbanmigrationoccurspost-industrialization
–Migrationfrommetropolitantononmetropolitanregionsaka“counterurbanization”occursinUSpost1970
–
insomeruralareas
hashaltedduetopooreconomicconditions
–Morepeoplemigratedintometroareasin2000
FolkandPopular
Culture
culture-istraditionallypracticedbysmall,homogeneousgroupslivinginisolatedruralareas-
e.g.wearingasaronginMalaysiaorasariinIndia.
culture- isfoundinlarge,heterogeneoussocietiesthatsharecertainhabitsdespite differencesinotherpersonalcharacteristicse.g. wearingjeans.
NOTE:Thescaleofterritorycoveredbyafolkcultureistypicallymuchsmallerthanthatofapopularculture.
Geographersfocuson:
Wherefolkandpopculturesarelocatedin
Whydistributionsaredifferent(interaction)
Howglobalizationincreasesconnectionsandtherebyperpetuatespopculture
Howthedisappearanceoflocalfolkcustoms
localdiversity
Howdominanceofpopculturethreatensqualityoftheenvironmentasit’slesslikelytoreflectthediversityoflocalphysicalconditionsandmorelikelytomodifytheenvironmentinaccordancewithglobalvalues.
•Originoffolkandpopularcultures
–Originoffolkmusic
»Chineselegendsays music inventedin 2697BC whenChineseemperorusedcutbamboopolesto replicatesoundofphoenixbird
»Folksongsoftentella storyaboutdailyactivities
»InUS,hearthareasareidentifiedforcountry
–Originofpopularmusic
»InUS,Tin PanAlleyforvaudevilleandHip Hopin SouthBronx
»HipHoprapidlydiffusedaroundworldthroughinstrumentsofglobalizatione.g. internet,radio
•Diffusionoffolkandpopularcultures
–TheAmish:Relocationdiffusionoffolkculture
»OrigininSwitz,France,GermandcametoUSintwomigrationwavessettlinginPenn,andlaterOH,IllinoisandIowa
Somemovingsouthforcheaperland;shunmechanicalandelectricalpower
•Diffusionoffolkandpopculturescontd.
–Sports: culture
diffusionofpopular
»Epitomizedby socceror “football”
»Originsthoughttobe Britishinearly9thC.
»TransformationfromEnglishfolkcustomto popculturebeganin 1800sfromEnglandtocontinentalEurope,Russia,USandLatinAmerica
»USfirst“football”gameatPrincetonin1869wassoccer
»Rugbyruleswereadoptedin lieu of“football”orsoccer
»Americanfootballemerged asheavilymodifiedrugby
•Influenceofthephysicalenvironment
Customssuchasprovisionoffood,clothing,shelterareinfluencedbyprevailingclimate,soil,vegetatione.g.Dutchfarmerswearwoodenshoes
–Distinctivefoodpreferences
»Folkfoodhabitsderivefromtheenvironment
»Foodhabitsareinfluencedbytraditions(e.g.
Transylvaniansput different ingredientsinsoupdependingontheirdietarypracticesorwealth
»Peopledesire oravoidcertainfoods inresponse toperceivedbeneficialorharmful naturaltraitse.g.Americansavoideatinginsectsdespitenutritionalvalue,Muslimsembracetabooagainstpork, etc.
»Taboois a restrictiononbehaviorimposedbysocial custom
•Influenceof physicalenvironmentcontd.
–U.S.folkhouseforms– reflectculturaltraditionsandavailability ofbuildingmaterialsduring1700s,1800sandearly1900s.
–Threehearthnodesoffolkhouseformsin USare:
»
»
»
•Diffusionofpophousing,clothing,andfood
–Popularhousingstyles
•Modern(1945-60):minimaltraditional,ranch,etc.
•Neo-eclectic(1960-present):neo-colonial,neo-Tudor,etc.
–Rapiddiffusionofclothingstyles
•Jeanssymbolizeyouthful,independent,richAmerican
•Levissellfor$50in Moscow(oneweek’s wages)and between
$100-$1000inAsia(mostareused)
•Regionalstylesexist:WesternUSbutton-fly/Eastzip-up
•Diffusionofpophousing,clothing,food
–Popularfoodcustoms
•AlcoholandFreshProduceprimarilydependenton:
»highincome
»nationaladvertising
»whatisgrownlocally
»wherea goodisimported
•VariationswithinUSaremuch
significant
thandifferences betweentheUSand lessdevelopedcountriesofAsia andAfrica
•Televisionanddiffusionofpopularculture
–Diffusionoftelevision
•MostpopularleisureactivityinMDCsandbiggestmechanismthatspreadsknowledgeof pop culture
»FourlevelsofTVserviceonp.134
–Diffusionoftheinternet
»Diffusionis similar toTVwhereMDCs, especiallyUSdominate
•Threatsto folkculture
–Lossoftraditionalvalues
•Whenpeopleturnfromfolktopopculturetheymayalsoturnawayfromthesociety’straditionalvalues
•DiffusionofpopculturefromMDCscanleadto
ofWesternperspectives
•Globaldiffusionofpopculturethreatensthesubservienceofwomentomen
•ContactwithpopculturebringssomenegativeimpactsforwomeninLDCsexincreaseinprostitution
–Foreignmediadominance
•MDCtelevisionprogramsdominate internationalTV
•Environmentalimpactsofpopularculture
–Modifyingnature
»GolfcourseprominenceacrossUSA
–Uniformlandscapes
»Distributionofpopcultureproducesuniformlandscapesex McDonaldsw/uniformarches
–Negativeenvironmentalimpact
»Diffusionofsome popcustomsincreasesdemand forrawmaterials andproduceslotsofwastee.g. fur, meatconsumption,plastic
Language
•OriginanddiffusionofEnglish
–Englishcolonies
»Englishfirst diffusedwest acrossAtlantictoNorthAmericain17thC.
»Two billionliveinacountrywhereEnglish isan officiallanguage,eveniftheycannotspeakit.
»US is currentlyresponsiblefordiffusion ofEnglishto Philippines,andotherworldwidelocations
•OriginanddiffusionofEnglish
–OriginofEnglishin England
»Threetribesthatbroughtthebeginningsof EnglishtoBritishIslescame frompresent-dayDenmarkandGermany(Jutes,Angles,Saxons)underthe“GermanInvasion”
»NormansfromFranceinvadedin 1066andestablishedFrenchas officiallanguagefor300yearsbutEnglishstillusedby commoners.
»ModernEnglishowesmanyofits simplerwordse.g.horse,man,skyto its roots,andfancywordslikeequestrian,masculine, celestial,etc. to itsFrenchroots.
Dialect-regionalvariationofalanguagedistinguishedbydistinctivevocabulary,spelling andpronunciation.
–Dialectsin
•FiveMiddleEnglishdialectsdevelopedafterEnglishagainbecame the officiallanguage(1150-500AD)
–DifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglish
•VocabandspellingdifferentasAmericansettlersencounterednewobjects,people,experiences
•Geographycausedpronunciationdifferences.Prominentdifferencesin pronunciationoflettersaandr (man, pathetc.)
Isogloss-aboundarythatseparatesregionsin whichdifferentlanguageusagedominatese.gbikevscycle,sodavspop,pailvsbucket
–DialectsintheUnitedStates
•Majordifferencesin USdialectsoriginatedbecauseofdifferencesin dialectsamong theoriginalsettlersand includeNorthern,MidlandsandSouthern(mirrorthefolkhouseforms)
•Languagedifferencestendto bein ruralareasthancities
•Regionalpronunciationdifferencesexist.NewEnglandandsouthernaccentssoundoddto themajorityofAmericansbecausethestandardpronunciationthroughouttheAmericanWestcomes fromMiddleAtlanticstatesratherthantheNewEnglandandSouthernregions.
•Also,moreuniformityin West becauseofthe mobilityandwidespreadwestwardmovementrelativelyrecently.
•Language- is acollectionoflanguagesrelatedthroughacommonancestorthatexistedlongbeforerecordedhistory.
•Language- collectionoflanguagesrelatedthroughacommonancestorthatexistedseveralthousandyearsago(derivedfromsamefamily)
•Language- collectionoflanguageswithinabranchthatsharea commonoriginin therelativelyrecentpastanddisplayrelativelyfewdifferences ingrammarand vocabulary(derivedfromsamebranch)
•BranchesofIndo-European(8exist;4dominate)
–Germanicbranch
•IncludesNorthernandWesternGermaniclanguages
•PredominateinNorthernandWesternEurope
–Indo-Iranianbranch
•100+languages;has thespeakers (1billion+)
–IncludesIndic(Eastern) andIranian(Western) Groups
–Balto-Slavicbranch
•Hasthe second largest numberofspeakers
•EasternSlavic mostwidelyusedex.Russian
•West Slavics mostlyspeakPolish
•SouthernSlavic languagesincludemainlySerbo-CroatianandBulgarian
•BranchesofIndo-Europeancontd.
–Romancebranch
•EvolvedfromthelanguagespokenbytheRomans2,000yearsago
MostwidelyusedlanguagesareSpanish,Portuguese,French,andItalian.
Majorityofcommonpeopleusedthespokenformof Latin(asopposedtowrittenform)calledVulgarLatinex.Literarytermfor horsewasequus,butvulgartermwascaballus,fromwhichcaballo(Spanish),cavalo(Portuguese),cheval(French),cavallor(Italian)arederived.
–Kurganhearththeory
•Origininsteppenorthof CaspianbetweenRussian andKazakhstanaround 4300 BC
•Kurgans werenomadic herders,firsttodomesticatecattle,movedwestward insearchof grasslandsthroughEurope,eastwardtoSiberia,and southeastwardtoIranandSouthAsia.
•Kurganwarriorsconqueredmuchof EuropeandSo.Asiausingdomesticatedhorses during3500-2500 BC
contd.
–Anatolianhearththeory
•Origininpresent-dayTurkey,partof easternAnatolia2000yrs priortoKurgans
•DiffusionwestwardtoGreece,Italy,Sicily,Med. CoastofFrance,SpainandPortugal,thennorthwardto BritishIsles.
•Additionally,archaeologistColin RenfrewbelievesAnatolianspenetratedcentralandEasternEuropeandpartsoftheMiddleEast.
•RenfrewarguesthatIndo-EuropeandiffusedintoEuropeandSo.Asiaalongwith agriculturalpracticesratherthanbymilitaryconquestastheKurgantheorysuggests.
•Distributionoflanguagefamilies
–Sino-Tibetanlanguagefamily
•Siniticbranchis largestand includes(mostusedlanguagein world)andotherse.g.Cantonese
•Austro-ThaiandTibeto-BurmanbranchesaresmallerbranchesincludeThaiandBurmese
–OtherEastand SoutheastAsianlanguagefamilies
•Japanese,Korean,AustronesianandAustro-Asiatic
–Afro-Asiaticlanguagefamily
•largestfamily
•Semitic branchis largestincl.ArabicandHebrewandhasinternationalsignificancebecauseitslanguageswereusedtowritetheholiestbooksofthreemajorworldreligionsi.e.Bible,Quaran
•Distributionoflanguagefamiliescont.
–Altaiclanguagefamily
•Turkishlargest
•Altaiclanguagesnowofficial informer republics
•Russiansforced everyonetowriteinRussianCyrillic,but most nowuseArabicletters.
–Uraliclanguagefamily
•DominantinEstonia,FinlandandHungary
•Distributionoflanguagefamiliescontd.
–Africanlanguagefamilies
•isby far the largest(95%)
»Sixbranches(lrgstisBenue-Congoex Swahili)
•Nilo-Saharanspokenin North-central
»Sixbrancheswithmanysubgroupssototal#ofspeakersofeach languageis small
•Khoisanconcentratedin southwest
»Usedistinctiveclickingsounds;largestisHottentot
•Austronesianon Madagascar
»MalagasyspokenandevidenceofmigrationofpeoplesfromSouthPacific
•Preservinglanguagediversity
–Thousandsoflanguagesareextinctand100s oflanguageswillbecome extinctduring21 C.
–One languagebecomes extinctevery.
–GothicdiedafterGoths convertedtoLatinaftertheirconversiontoChristianity
–Hebrew:revivingextinctlanguages
•Languageofdailyactivityduringbiblicaltimes,diminishedinusein4thC.BC,butAramaicand thenArabicwereusedmorecommonly
•In1948whenIsraelestablished,revivaltookplace
•Preservinglanguagediversity
–Celtic:preservingendangeredlanguages
•DividedintoGaelicbranch(IrishandScottishGaeliclanguage)andBrythonicbranch(WelshandCornish)
•Languagesdiminishedin useasEnglishor Frenchconquered
•Britain’s1988EducationActmadeWelshlanguagetrainingacompulsorysubjectinallschoolsinWales
•Irishrockgroupshavebegunto recordandperformin Gaelic
•Irish-languageTVstationsnowbroadcastin Gaelic
•Cornishtaughtin gradeschools
•Preservinglanguagediversitycontd.
–Multilingualstates
•SouthernBelgians(Walloons)speakFrenchandNorthern(Flemings)speakFlemish (dialectofDutch)
•Eachregionelectsan assembly thatcontrolsculturalaffairs,publichealth,roadconstruction,urbandevt.
•Brusselsis officiallybilingual
–Isolatedlanguages
•Isolatedlanguageisunrelatedto anyotherandnotattachedtoanylanguagefamily
•spokenby1mill in Pyrenees;hasnocommonoriginwithotherEuropeanlanguages
•IcelandicpartofGermanicbranch;spokenonlyonthisisland;leastchangedlanguagein Germanicbranch
•GlobaldominanceofEnglish
–Englishas a linguafranca
•LinguaFrancaisa languageofinternationalcommunication.
•English,Swahili,Hindustani,Russianmainlinguafrancalanguages
•83%ofEUhighschoolstudentslearnEnglish
•70%ofcollege-agedEuropeansspeakEnglish
•6yearsifEnglishtypicalin Japan
•Pidginlanguageisa simplifiedformofalinguafrancae.g.Ebonics,dialectofEnglishinitiallyusedbyAfricanAmericanslavesnotunderstoodby theirmasters.
•GlobaldominanceofEnglishcontd.
–Diffusion tootherlanguages
•–a combinationofFrenchandEnglish
•FrenchupsetwithincreasingworldwidedominationofEnglish;Frenchisnolongermost importantlanguageofinternationalcommunications
•ProtectionofFrenchlanguageisextremein QuebecandQuebecoisarethinkingof secedingfromCanadain ordertopreservetheirFrenchlanguageculture.
•Spanglishwidespreadin popcultureandregardedasanenrichingprocesswherethebestelements ofbothlanguagesareadopted.
Religion
•Universalizingreligionsattempttobe global,toappealtoallpeople,wherevertheymaylivein theworld, notjusttoonecultureorlocation
–60%worldpopulationareadherents
–Christianity,Islam,Buddhism arethreemainones
•Branchisa large,fundamentaldivision
isa divisionofa branch
•Sectis asmallgroup that’sbrokenaway fromanestablisheddenomination
UNIVERSALIZINGRELIGIONS
–
•Two billionadherentswhich makes itthelargest
Mostwidespreaddistribution(mainlyEuropeandWesternHemisphere)
Threebranchesinclude:
–Roman Catholic(50%)
–Protestant(25%)
–EasternOrthodox(10%)
–OtherCatholic(non-Roman)15%
UNIVERSALIZINGRELIGIONSCONTD.
–Islam
•1.3Billionadherents
•Fivepillarsof faithon p. 191
•PredominantreligionofMiddleEast
•HalfliveinIndonesia,Pakistan,BangladeshandIndia
Two branchesinclude:
––83%
––16%
–NationofIslamor “Black Muslims” in US;ledbyMalcolmX
UNIVERSALIZINGRELIGIONSCONTD.
–Buddhism
•365millionadherents
•Numberdifficultto countsincenon-exclusive
•MainlyinChinaand SE.Asia
•FourNobleTruthson p. 192
Threemain branchesinclude:
–Mahayana–56%- China,Japan,Korea
–Theravada–38%- Cambodia,Laos,Thailand,etc.
–Tantrayana–6%-TibetandMongolia
–OtheruniversalizingreligionsincludeSikhismandBahai
ETHNICRELIGIONS
•Ethnicreligionsappealprimarilyto onegroupofpeoplelivinginoneplaceandinclude25%.
–Hinduism
•Largest(820m); concentratedin India
–Otherethnicreligions
•Confucianismin China
•Daoism(Taoism) in China
•ShintoisminJapan
•JudaismmainlyinUSandIsrael,andRussiaanditsformerRepublics;firstto espousemonotheism.
•Animismin sub-SaharanAfrica;%isdeclining
–Originof universalizingreligions
•Christianityhearthispresent-day.
–BasedupontheteachingsofJesus 2000 yrsago
CatholicchurchheadedbyPope; prayerstoSaints; graceearnedthroughpenance
EasternOrthodoxyhas noPope; priest canmarry;lessemphasisplacedonreligiousicons
ProtestantbeganwithLutheranReformationin1517;graceisachievedthroughfaithratherthanthroughsacramentsperformedbythechurch
–Originof universalizingreligions
•Islamhearthispresent-daySaudiArabia
–Muhammnadis Prophet ofIslam in570AD
–HolybookisQuaran
–Shiites–currentname ofgroupthatfavoredpassingpoweron withinMuhammad’sownfamily
–Sunnis–currentname ofgroupthatfavoredpassingpowerthroughestablishedclergy;emerged victorious
•Buddhisthearthispresent-dayNepalin 563BC
–SiddharthaGautamaisBuddhaandhingeonthe attainmentofawakeningtoachieveNirvana
•Diffusionofreligions
–Diffusionofuniversalizingreligions
•Christianitydiffused throughrelocationdiffusion(missionaries)and contagiousdiffusion(dailycontactwithotherbelievers)
•Dueto permanentresettlementof Europeans,ChristianitybecamedominantreligionintheAmericas,Australia,andNZand inAfricathroughmissions.
•IslamandBuddhismbothdiffusedtonearbygeographicregions,butIslamdiffusedmore rapidly
•Holyplaces
–Holyplacesinuniversalizingreligions
•BuddhismandIslamplacethemost emphasison identifyingshrines
•Holyplacesin Buddhismarein NEIndiaandSo.Nepal
•Meccaisholiestcity forMuslim;GreatMosquein centertowhicheach Muslimmust undertakea tovisit.
–Holyplacesinethnicreligions
•Hinduholysitesaremost likelyto beriverbanksorcoastlines
•Hindusconsidera pilgrimage,ortirtha,to mouth ofGangesandwashingin itisan act ofpurification
•Placesofworship
–Christianworship
•isplaceofworship;nosinglestyleofchurchconstructiondominates
•Stylereflectsarchitecturaltrendsofthetimeandavailablebuildingmaterials
–Placesof worship inotherreligions
•Muslimmosquecontainsminaret,fromwhichpeoplearesummonedto prayer
•Hindutemplesservesashometoone+godsandare smallsinceno emphasisoncongregationalworship
•BuddhistandShintoistpagodascontainrelicsthatBuddhistsbelieveareportionofBuddha’sbody/clothing
•Administrationofspace
–Hierarchicalreligionshave awell-definedgeographicstructureand organizesterritoryintolocaladministrativeunits
•Roman CatholicHierarchyincludes:
»Pope(bishopofDiocese ofRome)
»Cardinal–fewdistinguishedarchbishops
»Archbishops(eachheads aprovincethatincludesseveraldioceses)
»Dioceseisbasic unitofgeographicorganization
»Bishop’sHQ calleda see isinlargestcity
»Dioceseisspatiallydividedintoparishes
»Eachparishisheadedbya priest
–Locally
religionsincludeIslam, Judaism
andHinduismand toalesserextent,Christianity
–Religionvs.socialchange
•ManyreligiousadherentsinLesserDevelopedCountriesview economicdevelopmentas
withreligiousvalues
–TalibaninAfghanistanimposesstrictlawsinspiredbyIslamicvalues(e.g.menbeatenforshavinghead;adulterersstoned;homosexualsburiedalive;thieveshandscutoff;nailpolishedfingerscutoff,etc.)
Castesystemoriginatedin 1500BCinIndiaandhinderedsocialequality
–Britishadministratorsand Christianmissionariespointed outtheshortcomingsofthecaste system; it hasbeen relaxedinrecentyears.
–Religionvs.
•In1721 CzarPetertheGreatmergedEasternOrthodoxandgovernment
•In1917 BolsheviksoverthrewczarandinstalledCommunistgovernment(i.e.antireligiousprograms)
•Fallof SovietEmpirebroughtreligiousrevivalinEasternEuropeesp CzechRep.,Hungary,Lithuania,Poland,Croatia,Slovakia,Slovenia
•CentralAsian countriesareprimarilyMuslim
–Religiouswars intheMiddleEast
•Hostilityexistsamong Christians,Muslims,andJewsin theMiddleEastasall threegroupstracetheiroriginstoAbrahamintheOldTestament
•Religionshavedivergedin waysthathavemadeitdifficulttosharethesameterritory
•Judaismmakesspecialclaimto whatispresent-dayIsraelandcallsis“the ”
•DuringtheCrusadesMuslims,nowalso calledArabs(fr.ArabianPen.)capturedmost ofMiddleEast, incl. Pal/Jer.
•EuropeanChristianslaunchedseveralCrusadesover150to gaincontrolfromMuslimconquerors
•CrusaderscapturedJerusalemin 1099;lostitin 1187;regaineditin1229;lostitagainin 1244.
–Religiouswars intheMiddleEastcontd.
•MuslimOttoman EmpirecontrolledPalestinefrom1516to 1917
•EmpiredefeatedafterWWI;tookover
•AfterWWIIUNpartitionedPalestineintotwo independentstates(JewishandMuslim)
•Britishwithdrewin1948;Jewsdeclaredind.stateofIsraelw/inUNprescribedboundariesandArabsdeclaredwar
•In1949armistice wassignedthatdividedcontrolofJerusalem;OldCity became partofJordan
•Israelwon threemorewarsw/neighborsin 1956,’67,’73
•After’73PalestinianstookcontrolofGazaand West BankasEgyptandJordanrecognizedPalestiniansas legitimate rulesoftheseterritoriesandrenouncedtheirclaims
•Religiouswarsin the Middle Eastcontd.
•Fivegroups considerthemselvesPalestinians:
–PeoplelivinginW.Bank, Gaza, E. Jerusalemterritories
–Citizensof Israelwhoare Muslims ratherthanJews
–PeoplewhofledIsraelafter1948-9war;
–PeoplewhofledfromW.Bank orGazaafter1967war;
–Citizensofothercountries,especiallyJordan,Lebanon,Syria,Kuwait,andSaudi,whoidentifythemselvesasPalestinians
•Religionvs.religion
–Religiouswars inIreland
•Islandwasan Englishcolonyformanycenturiesandmade partofUKin1801
•In1921Irelandbecame aself-governingdominionwithinBritishEmpire
•Independencedeclaredin ,37;republicin ,49.
•AProtestantminorityin NE preferredtobepartof ProtestantUKinsteadofCatholicRepublic.
•Catholicsprotestingdiscriminationbeganin ,68.
•3,000peoplekilledsince
•issmallgroupofmilitantsdedicatedtoachievingIrishnationalunityby whatevermeans, includingviolence
Ethnicity
•EthnicitiesintheUnitedStates
•Ethnicityis identitywitha groupof peoplewhosharetheculturaltraditionsofa particularhomeland or hearth.
•isidentitywithagroup of peopledescended
froma commonancestor
•ClusteringofethnicitiesintheUS
•AfricanAmericanclusteredin Southeast
•Hispanicsclusteredin Southwest
•AsianAmericansclusteredinWest
•AmericanIndiansclusteredin SouthwestandPlainsstates
•AfricanAmericanmigrationpatternshaveshapedtheircurrentdistributioninUS
•ForcedmigrationfromAfrica(10m)from1710-1810resultedin triangularslavetrade
•Mostof largeplantationsthatneededlaborwereintheSouth(cottonand tobacco)
•Freedslavesmostlyremainedinruralsouthduringlate19Cassharecroppers
•20Cmigrationpulledpeople
lookingfor
industrialjobs inbigcitieslikePhilly,NY,Chicago,SF, LA
•When theyreachedthebig cities,migrantsclusteredintheghettoswheredensitywas high
•ThreeprominentethnicgroupsinUS:
–Asianis recognizedas a distinctraceby USCensusBureau,andAsianas a raceandAsianAmericanas anethnicityare verysimilar.AsianAmericanethnicitylumpspeoplew/tiestomanyAsiancountries.
–MostblackAmericansaredescended fromAfricanimmigrantsand belongtoAfricanAmericanethnicity, butsomeculturalheritageisfrom LatinAmerica,PacificIslands,etc.
–Hispanicor Latinoisnot considereda race,so oncensustheymay selectany racetheywish -white,black,etc.
•Divisionby raceinSouthAfricareacheditspeak inthelate
20thCin So.Africa
wasthephysicalseparationof differentracesintodifferentgeographicareasandcreatedbyDutchcolonizers“Boers”or“Afrikaners”a dialectofDutch.
–Babiesclassifiedas black,white,colored,Asian
–Apartheidlawsdeterminedwhere peoplecouldlive,attendschool,work,shopandownland
–Blacksrestrictedtocertainjobsw/lowerwages
–Blackscouldn’t voteorrunforoffice
–So.Africangovt designated10homelandsforblacksandexpectedthemtomovethere.
–So.Africa wasisolatedfromothercountriesopposingapartheid
–Apartheidlaws repealedin1991
–Mandela,leaderofAfricanNatl Congress,releasedfrom prisonafter27yrsandelectedfirstblackpresident.
–Averageincomeamongblacksis10xlowerthanwhitestoday
•Riseofnationalities
–A
is a statewhose territorycorresponds
tothatoccupiedby a particularethnicitythathas beentransformedintoa nationality(e.g.Denmark– nearlyallDanesspeakDanish and nearlyallDanish speakerslivein Denmark)
–Nationalismisloyaltyand devotiontoa nationality
•Promotesasenseofthatexaltsonenationaboveallothersand emphasizesitscultureandinterestsasopposedto thoseof othernations
•Controlofmassmediaaremosteffectivemeans
•Nationalismcan havea negativeimpact asunityw/in a nation-statecan beachievedthroughnegativeimages ofothernation-statesand can leadto conflict
•Multinationalstatesor multi-ethnicstatescontainmorethanoneethnicgroup(e.g. Belgiumw/Dutch-speakingFlemishandFrench-speakingWaloons)
–FormerSovietUnion isthe
multinationalstate
and15 republicsbased on lgstethnicities
–Breakupresultedin15 independentcountries
•3Baltic:Estonia,Latvia,andLithuania
•2European:Belarus,Moldova,andUkraine
•5CentralAsian:Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,and Uzbekistan
•3Caucasus:Azerbaijan,Armenia,and Georgia
•Russia(recognizes39nationalities)
ClashesofEthnicities
•Ethniccompetitiontodominatenationality
–EthniccompetitionintheHorn ofAfrica
•EritreahasbeenbattlingEthiopiaforitsindependencesince1930s.
•Eritreabecameindependentstatein 1993
•Botharecomplexmultiethnicstateswith largepopulationsofMuslimsandChristians
•Ninemajorethnicgroupsalonein Eritrea (versus threein theUSwhichismuchlarger)
•Civilwarragedin Sudansince’80sbetween blackChristians/animistrebelsvsArab-Muslim-dominatedgovernmentforcesin North(40m)
•Somalia(8m)contains6majorethnicgroups(clans)withlarge#ofsub-clans
•In’92when300,000killedfromclanwarfare,USsenttroops;in’94UStroopswithdrewaspeacetalksfailed
•Ethniccompetitiontodominatenationality
–EthniccompetitioninLebanon
•Christian,Muslim(somemilitant–Hezbollah)andDruzefighttodominate
•Lebanonhasbeen severelydamagedbyfightingamongreligiousfactionssince1970s
•MostofLebanoncontrolledbySyriawhohasa historicalclaimovertheterritory
•Syria,IsraelandUSsenttroopsintoLebanonatvariouspointstorestorepeace
•“LebanonWar”(7/12/06-8/14/06)isan extensionofArab-Israeliconflict
•150,000Lebanesehavedied since1975in thefighting
•Dividingethnicitiesamongmorethanonestate
–DividingethnicitiesinSouthAsia
•In1947BritishIndiawaspartitionedintotwo ind.States,IndiaandPakistan(west andeast)
•EastPakistanbecameBangladeshin’71
•17millioncaughton wrong sideofboundarymigratedinlate’40sandHindusin PakistanandMuslimsin Indiawere killedcrossingto oppositeside
•Gandhiassassinatedin ’48endingpossibilityof creatingasinglestatein whichMuslims/Hinduslivepeacefully
•Kashmirisheavilydisputedborderbtwn PakandIndia
–DividingSriLankaamongethnicities
•60,000havediedsince’83in conflictbtwnBudd/Hindus
•EthniccleansinginYugoslavia
–Creationofmulti-ethnicYugoslaviaasaresultofWWItouniteseveralBalkancountriesthatspokesimilarSouthSlaviclanguageslastedthroughmostof20thC.
–Rivalriesamongethnicitiesresurfacedandbreakupoccurredinearly’90sw/ BosniaandHerzegovina,Croatia,Macedonia,andSlovenia.
–andremainedinYugoslavia
–EthniccleansingbyBosnianSerbsagainstBosnianMuslims
–Worstcleansingin KosovowhenSerbsforced750,000ethnicAlbanianstoflee
–Yugoslaviaabolishedin’02andcountryrenamedSerbiaandMontenegro.
•EthniccleansingincentralAfrica
–Extracreditoption:(2pointsinlieu ofONE articlewrite-up)
•RentHotel Rwanda,SometimesinApril(HBO/PBS),ORBloodDiamond
•One-pagewrite-upandreceiptorcopy/jpegofNetflixsleeve
Political
Geography
-anareaorganizedintoapoliticalunitandruledbyan establishedgovernmentthathas controlover itsinternaland foreignaffairs.
-heldby thestate;independencefromcontrolofitsinternalaffairs by otherstates.
NOTE:Becausetheentireareaof a stateis managedby itsnationalgovernment,laws, army, and leaders,itisagoodexampleof aformaloruniformregion.Thetermcountryisasynonymfor state.
–Korea:onestateortwo?
•Dividedafter
along38thparallelas USSR
andUSoccupiedNorthand South respectivelyduringwar.
•Reunificationwas haltedwhenNorth decidedtobuildnuclearweaponswhilekeepingitspeopleimpoverished.
–ChinaandTaiwan:onestateortwo?
•Taiwanoccupiedby NationalistPartytowholostcontrolofpower toCommunistsin1949.
•Fornow, Taiwan issovereign,and recognizedas suchbymost but China
–Varyingsizesofstates
•Largee.g.Russia(6.6millionmi2),US,Brazil
•Microstate-Monaco(0.6mi2),Singapore,Tonga,Barbados,Andorra,Antigua,Tuvalu
•Developmentofthestateconcept
–Ancientandmedievalstates
•Firststatestoevolvewerein Mesopotamiaandcalledcity-states(town and countryside)
•Onecityor tribewould gainmilitarydominanceovertheothersand forman empirei.e.Sumerians,Assyrians,Babylonians,Persiansand EgyptandRometotheWest.
•Developmentofthestateconcept
–a territorythatislegallytiedtoa sovereign
stateratherthanbeingcompletelyindependent.Europeanstatesestablishedcoloniesbeginningin1400sto:
•PromoteChristianity
•Obtainresourcestostrengtheneconomy
•Demonstratepower;many coloniesindicatedpower
NOTE:Onlya few sizeablecoloniesremainincludingPuertoRice, Fr.
Polynesia,Guam,USVirgin Islands.LeastpopulatedcolonyisPitcairnIsland,settledby54mutineersfromtheBountyin 1790.
BoundariesandBoundary
ProblemsofStates
•Shapesofstates
–Fivebasicshapes–
Landlockedstateslackdirectoutletto sea(Lesotho,Swaziland,Botswana,Zimbabwe,etc.)
•Typesofboundaries
–Physicalboundaries
•Mountain(Chile/Argentina);Desert;Water(RioGrande)
–Culturalboundaries
•Geometric(straightlinee.g.Aozoustrip)
•Religious(No.Irelandpart of UKnotRepofIreland)
•Language(E.Europeancountriespost WWIe.g.Poland)
•Cyprus“GreenLine” btwnGreeks/Turks
–TheUnitedNations
•CreatedatendofWWIIandcomprisedof49states
•Establishedto preventWWIIIandto protectcountriesfromforeignattack
•UN replacedLeagueofNationsestab.postWWI
•UNcurrentlyplayingarolein separatingwarringgroupsin E.Europe,MiddleEast,sub-SaharanAfrica
•UNrelies onindividualcountriestosupplytroops
•UNattemptsto maintainstrictneutrality
•UNrepresentsaforum where,forthefirsttimein history,virtuallyallstatesoftheworldcan meetandvoteon issueswithoutresortingtowar
•191currentmembers
–Regionalmilitaryalliances
•AfterWWIImostEuropeanstatesjoinedoneoftwomilitaryalliancesdominatedbyworld’stwosuperpowers(USandtheSovietUnion)
•NATO()wasa militaryallianceamong16democraticstatesincludingUSandCanada,plus14Europeanstates
•WarsawPactwasamilitaryagreementamongCommunistEasternEuropeancountriestodefendeachotherin caseofattackincludingUSSR,Bulgaria,Czech,E.Germany,Hungary,Poland,andRomania.
•Overtime,WarsawPactdisbandedasEuropewasnolonger dominatedbymilitaryconfrontationbetween two blocs; NATOexpandedandincludedmostofformerWarsawPactcountries.
EconomicCooperationamongStates
–The,ledbyGermany,hasemergedastheleadingeconomicsuperpoweroftoday(ratherthanUSandUSSRastheonlysuperpowersa’laWWII).