S2. Influencing factors of systems’ resilience
Factor / DimensionHumanity / Examples / Technological / Examples / Natural / Examples
Fast / Disruption events (abrupt natural or manmade shocks)
Human actions
Positive emotion
Parenting quality
Management / Life adversities to people’s mental health; positive acceptance of change and strategies (Connor and Davidson 2003); oil spill in coastal areas which affect communities’ health and resource access (Tompkins and Adger 2004); terrorist attacks, and market shock from the economic systems (Ong et al. 2006) / Physical systems' performance
Turbulence and deliberate threats
Structure changes
Discontinuities
System's behavior to disruptions
Internal connection of system components / Threats caused by machine errors (Najjar and Gaudiot 1990); system failures, manmade mistakes, or natural events (Dinh et al. 2012; Simmie and Martin 2010); connection among nodes in networks (Cetinkaya et al. 2013) / Natural disasters and stochastic events
Alternative resources / Algae bloom in lakes and alternative resources (Halpern 1988; Cutter et al. 2008)
Slow / Daily pressures and long-term stresses
Human actions
Social resources accessibility, dependency, and mobilization
Social memory and local knowledge
Governance
Learning ability
Personal traits
Demographics changes / Overloading working and shortage of income (Black and Lobo 2008; Sherrieb et al. 2010; Wyche et al. 2011); fishing and pollution (Bengtsson et al. 2003; Hughes et al.2005; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007;); public programs, policies, societal norms and values, financial and equality, social security (Adger2000; Olsson et al. 2004; Walker et al. 2004; Folke 2006; Cutter et al. 2008); personal traits such as genetic and temper (Patterson 2002; Krishnan et al. 2007) / Structure changes
Resources accessibility
Self-organization
Learning ability / The time to find resources and how easy they can be used (Cholda et al. 2009; Pettit et al. 2010) / Natural resource endowment
Accumulative disturbances and changing ecological conditions
Resource accessibility-affect systems' flexibility
Spatial pattern
Ecological function
Physical conditions
Ecological memory
Biological and ecological characters
Self-organization
Learning ability / Climate change, fishing, and nutrient accumulation (West and Salm 2003; Bellwood et al. 2004; Berkes 2007;Hsieh et al. 2010;) diversity in gentic and landscape, biodiversity, degree of redundancy in function of species (Halpern1988;Peterson et al. 1998; Olsson et al. 2004; Bengtsson et al. 2009); location and spatial differences (Scheffer et al. 2001; Adger et al. 2005); growth rate of microorganisms, abiotic conditions, genetic mutation, microbial composition (Seybold et al. 1999; Allison and Martiny 2008; Stanley et al. 2010)
Intrinsic / Positive emotion
Self-understanding
Human spirit in individuals
Self-adjustment
Coping styles and resources
Social memory and local knowledge
Social skill
Parenting quality
Personal traits
Economic opportunities
Learning ability / Self-trust in one’s instincts and trust in social support(Berkes 2007); locus of control (Richardson 2002; McAllister and McKinnon 2009) / Agility of responses, velocity and visibility of systems
Operational capacities
Level of innovation
Systems’ behavior to disruptions
Recovery pattern
Internal connection of system components
Self-organization
Learning ability / Efficacy and level of innovation like modernization of infrastructure (Autenrieth and Kirstadter 2002; Ponomarov and Holcomb 2009; Pettit et al. 2010; Christopherson et al. 2010; Jüttner et al. 2011);options and quality of recovery path (Cholda et al. 2009; Kjeldsen and Rosbjerg2009; Cetinkaya et al. 2013; Shirali et al. 2013) / Natural resource endowment
Ecological function
Biological and ecological characters
Ecological memory
Spatial pattern
Self-organization
Learning ability
Extrinsic / Daily pressures and long-term stresses
Disruption events (abrupt natural or manmade shocks)
Social, ecological and spiritual sources of strength
Social resources accessibility, dependency, and mobilization
Quality of education
Demographics changes
Social cohesion
Human actions
Management and governance
Resource substitution
Socioeconomic Information accessibility / Belief systems, collaboration, open communication and connections to other communities (Walsh 1996; Norris et al. 2008; Cimellaro et al. 2010; Shirali et al. 2013) / Turbulence and deliberate treats
Resources accessibility
Socio-technical conditions
Energy source
Collaboration with shared information / Materials, workplace, and physical conditions (temperature and weather variables) (Jüttner et al. 2011; Bergström et al. 2015) / Accumulative disturbances and changing ecological conditions
Natural disasters and stochastic events
Alternative resource
Resource accessibility
Physical conditions
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