Russia in Upheaval

Russia in Upheaval

“Russia in Upheaval”

  1. Czarist Rule is overthrown:

At the end of the 19th century, ______remained one of the most ______states in the world. Think back to the 1800s: There was dissent in Russia because of Alexander II’s ______which went against the people’s normal way of life. ______repressed this by ending the reforms, thus, Russia lagged behind the rest of ______Europe. Even further back in Russia’s history, at the turn of the 18th century, Peter the Great tried to ______Russia, but did not meet with favor from those who favored traditional ways.

The ______Revolution grew out of the long-standing conflict between the goals of the czars-the desire to ______Russia & the desire to maintain their autocratic rule.

  1. Czarist Unpopularity Continues.

______became czar in 1894 at ____. He strongly believed in autocratic rule, thus, Russia stayed behind while western Europe experienced ______, ______, and the spread of ______government. Russia remained weak & underdeveloped.

  1. There were attempts to industrialize and modernize Russia.
  1. Sergei Witte (VEET-tyeh), a minister to the czar, realized change was needed and urged a program of ______. Foreign ______were hired. ______were increased; ______developed; etc.
  2. The people reacted negatively. Why? ______had been the mainstay of the Russian economy & Russian life. Workers became ______with the low standard of living that factory work provided.
  3. Social Discontent-other reasons for dissatisfaction.
  1. ______: This had humiliated the Russians and was followed by rebellions of workers, peasants, sailors, & other groups.
  2. ______was established. The czar agreed to this first parliament and managed to increase participation in the government. There were now more reforms:
  1. land was given to more peasants.
  2. Greater freedom was given to the most successful farmers-kulaks (fists).

Yet, troops were used to suppress rebellion.

  1. ______-January 22, 1905: a group marched to the Winter Palace with demands and were fired on by imperial troops; hundreds were killed and wounded.
  1. Political Discontent-Ideas introduced from the west caused people to ______czarist rule, and improved transportation & communication helped the formation of political ______.
  1. ______-believed strongly in the views of ______(majority party). These revolutionaries thought industrialization made socialism possible. What is ______? A political & economic philosophy that calls for government or worker ownership and operation of business and industry for the benefit of ______. The leader of this movement, ______, was dedicated to overthrowing czarist rule & the capitalist system.
  2. ______-(minority) hoped revolutionary goals could be realized by less ______means.
  1. Revolution is at hand.
  1. March Revolution-1917: 3 factors contributed to this.
  1. ______-Russia’s interest in the Balkans involved an unprepared Russia. Neither the industry, government, nor military were ready.
  2. ______-Czar Nicholas II had been with the troops fighting since 1915. His wife, Alexandra, ran the government. She had no experience in ruling & turned to her son (heir to the throne) for help. He suffered from hemophilia-a disease that prevents blood from clotting. In her despair, she believed Rasputin, who convinced her he could cure her son. She began to rely on his advise and choice of government officials. The mis-management alarmed many who killed him in 1916.
  3. ______is overthrown-The mis-management of the war effort by the czar and his officers led the soldiers to lose respect for czarist rule & made them willing to join the workers when the revolution began. This was unplanned. The war had aggravated tensions. The czar was overthrown in March, 1917.
  1. Bolshevik Revolution-Also known as the ______Revolution of 1917.
  1. ______Government-had been set up by the Duma under the leadership of Alexander ______, who wanted to protect individual’s rights and continue the war against ______. He wanted to restore unity through Democratic rule with a ______.
  2. Military Dictatorship proposed-With disunity, some said this would hold the country together by armed ______.
  3. Opposition by Petrograd Soviet to the Provisional government. ______-a representative council of ______, ______, & ______. This was an influential group who excluded the upper class. It was under the control of the Bolsheviks led by Lenin, who understood the people’s ______. By mid-1917, Russians wanted reforms and an end to the war.
  1. To peasants, Lenin offered______that would be taken from the landowner.
  2. To workers, he offered ______& control of the ______.
  3. To soldiers, he offered ______.
  4. To national minorities, he offered ______.

The Bolsheviks gained support in the major ______.

  1. Soviets begin rule. Lenin’s supporters, led by ______, seized government buildings in Petrograd & arrested members of the Provisional Government. St. Petersburg was renamed ______at the beginning of the war in 1914 to eliminate the ______sound of the name. After Lenin’s death in 1924, the city was renamed Leningrad. Bolsheviks declared a Soviet Republic, dedicated to a ______society. Soviets would be in power for 74 years.
  1. Lenin builds a Soviet State.
  1. The new government was established-Before Lenin could build a solid government, there would be much strife confronted by the people.
  1. Shaky beginnings-
  1. ______-humiliating: The Polish lands, the Baltic provinces, Finland, & the Ukraine, which was rich farmland, were given up. The Allied defeat cancelled this, but Finland, & the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, & Estonia, retained their ______from the Bolsheviks.
  2. ______within-The Communist leaders faced opposition. Bolsheviks are now referred to as ______. (Red army was organized by Trotsky.) Those opposing were the ______. They supported the parlimentary government. ______fought in Ukraine. The new independent nation of Poland declared war on Soviet Russia & took territory in western Russia. Forces from Britain, France, the U.S., and Japan, moved into Russian territory and helped the Whites. It was anarchy & chaos.
  1. ______established-Violence and absolute power was used to suppress opposition. The Russian Secret Police (______) used this. Enemies were sent to concentration camps. Czar Nicholas, his wife & children, were imprisoned & killed in July, 1918. The capital was moved from Petrograd to ______.
  1. Economic & Social Changes
  1. War Communism-These were ______measures that failed to revive the economy.
  1. 1st goal-control of ______activity.
  2. Industry, banks, & foreign trade came under ______control.
  3. All men under 50 were drafted for ______or for the ______services.
  4. ______were mobilized to work in factories & on construction projects.
  5. Strikes were ______.
  6. To feed the people in the cities & the army, soldiers seized food from the ______.

There was much opposition to this.

  1. ______(NEP)-Lenin abandoned the socialist goal of a rigidly planned economy. This allowed small scale manufacturing, trade, & agriculture to return to private ownership, while the government kept control of major ______, ______, & means of ______.
  2. State Planning Agency (Gosplan)-promoted electrification throughout the country. The first step in giving the state complete control, it was backed by ______& ______over all factors involved in production & distribution.
  3. Social Changes: Communist philosophy (political) or ideology-appealed to ______& ______. Social services were promised, yet, everyone had the duty to work. National minorities were granted the right to use their own ______& to preserve their cultures, as long as they followed ______leadership.
  1. Marriage of the ______Government and the ______Party.
  1. Political Opposition is suppressed.

In the Kremlin, Lenin directed the Soviet State. The key to success: ______. The only political party ______in the new Russia was the Communist party.

  1. Leaders dominate. The new government led by members of the Party’s ______(political office). Leaders controlled the government, women’s groups, and professional & cultural organizations.
  2. ______Soviet-Highest government authority: Council of Ministers, staffed with the highest ranking party members, formed the ______branch of government.
  3. Many Republics ______(new approach). Russia had often tried to impose Russian culture on others. The ______(Union of Soviet Socialists Republic) formed in ______with each member republic representing a different major ______, such as Georgia, the Ukraine, Kasakh, & Uzbek. The self-determination principle preserved without harming the unity of the ______country.
  4. Religious persecution-One of the first acts of the Bolsheviks had been to seize ______land and property. They wanted to ______the role of the Church in people’s lives, because it was a rival for their ______. Religious people suffered much ______under Communist rule.
  5. Communism becomes ______. Lenin looked beyond the Soviet Union. He sent out an appeal for revolution to all who blamed their governments for ______, ______, or ______. Communist parties sprang up in ______, China, ______, & ______. In 1919, Lenin formed the Communist Third International (______) to bring about world revolution. This goal soon became secondary to that of strengthening the Soviet Union.

By late 1918, the Communists, led by Lenin, emerged as the leaders of a new state. Lenin finally established a ______that attempted to create a state with a ______economy.

  1. The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.
  1. Rivalry between Stalin & Trotsky over command.
  1. ______planning was behind both the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917 & the strict discipline of the Red Army. ______favored him.
  2. Stalin was the son of a Georgia shoemaker. 1922-appointed general secretary of the Communist Party. Stalin used his position to gain ______of the party. He eliminated from the Party anyone who opposed him or his goals, including Trotsky. They were eventually driven out of the Soviet Union. In 1929, on his 50th birthday, ______was officially hailed as Lenin’s successor.
  1. Stalin’s governing policies.
  1. Rapid industrialization-replaced the NEP.
  1. ______-This involved a series of 5 year plans set up for the deliberate, forced growth of ______. The first in 1928 was drastic. Total ______control began. Private business ended. All economic activity came under state management.
  2. Problems:
  1. The plans led to ______, delays, & ______service for consumers.
  2. Under the plans, large numbers of men & women were ______to work in factories.
  3. They were paid ______wages based on what they produced.
  4. Workers were poorly fed and lived in ______housing.
  5. The emphasis on ______led to the production of shoddy (______quality) goods.
  1. The governmental use of ______-was to boost Soviet industry. Writers, painters, & musicians could produce only works of “______realism.” They were to inspire the people’s ______to the state.
  2. Agriculture-This was reorganized under collective farming.
  1. ______farming-the bringing together of the livestock, equipment, & buildings of many small farms on one large tract of land. The people could not ______produce their crops.
  2. The peasants ______, however, the armed forces forced collectivization in the winter of 1929-1930. Those ______(most prosperous & successful farmers) who kept resisting were shot or sent to ______-forced labor camps.
  1. Consequences-
  1. Peasants ______their own animals rather than turn them over to the state.

Tthe loss of livestock (100 million animals) caused severe ______of meat, dairy products, leather goods, & fertilizer.

  1. ______was seized for export & millions starved to death. By the mid-1930s, collective farms, each composed of ______of households, were the rule in the Soviet Union.
  1. Stalin showed no concern. He made 1 ______-he allowed peasants to keep small plots of land for private use.

4.Government changed.

  1. A new ______-the rights of Soviet citizens could be severely ______under this. The constitution described the goals of the party; everything must be done in the interest of the state.
  2. Opposition grew. Many said Stalin had gone too far and suggested he step down in favor the Party secretary in Leningrad, Sergei ______.
  3. ______-December 1934, Kirov was murdered. The purge lasted from 1935-1939. Many were arrested and ______until those being interrogated signed “confessions.”
  4. Stalin achieved unity, demanding a ______state-designating a government in which unified action is achieved through the complete ______of the leader.

Stalin came to power after Lenin’s death in 1924. Stalin ______enforced policies of industrial growth and the collectivization of agriculture. Years of purges killed ______and made Stalin the all-powerful ruler of the ______.