Rural Development Programmes and Changing Socio-Economic Dynamics in Uttarakhand

RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND CHANGING SOCIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS IN UTTARAKHAND

(A Case Study of District Dehradun)

THE THESIS SUBMITTED TO

H.N.B. GARHWAL UNIVERSITY, SRINAGAR (GARHWAL)

(A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY)

FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

ECONOMICS

By

SUDHANSHU DHYANI

Registration Number- HNBGU/Res./22644

Under the supervision of

Co-Supervisor :Supervisor :

Dr. K.N. Joshi Prof. V.A. Bourai

Retd. Prof. and HeadPrincipal,

Department of EconomicsS.G.R.R.(P.G.) College

H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal)Dehradun

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

S.G.R.R. (P.G.) COLLEGE,

DEHRADUN-248001

2013

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that work embodied in the thesis entitled “Rural Development Programmes And Changing Socio-Economic Dynamics in Uttarakhand (A Case Study of District Dehradun)” has been carried out by Mr. Sudhanshu Dhyani under our supervision and guidance.

It is further certified that Mr. Sudhanshu Dhyani has worked for more than 200 days from the date of registration and has fulfilled all the requirements of H.N.B. Garhwal Central University, Srinagar (Garhwal) for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics.

To the best of our knowledge this is a bonafied work of the student and has not been submitted in this or any other form for this or any other degree at this or any other university.

Co-Supervisor :Supervisor :

Dr. K.N. Joshi Prof. V.A. Bourai

Retd. Prof. and HeadPrincipal,

Department of EconomicsS.G.R.R.(P.G.) College

H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal)Dehradun

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The most important task after completing a research thesis is to acknowledge all those people who have contributed in one way or other, to complete this thesis work. This is very difficult to name each and every person who helped me at different stages, to complete it.

With great respect and devotion, I wish to express my profound gratitude to my Supervisor Prof. V.A. Baurai, Principal, S.G.R.R. (P.G) College, Dehradun, under whose introspective guidance, constant encouragement and useful criticism, this work could be completed.

I am highly grateful to my Co-Supervisor Dr. K.N. Joshi, Retd. Prof. and Head, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal for continuous assistance at various stages in the finalization of the manuscript. Due to his guidance the work could take concrete shape.

I will remain thankful to Dr. Vijay Rawat, Prof. Economics, S.G.R.R. (P.G) College, Dehradun for his valuable suggestions and help at the most needed times.

I am obliged to the staff members of S.G.R.R. (P.G.) College, various government offices and libraries such as library of S.G.R.R. (P.G.) College, District Rural Development Agency, Dehradun, Census of India, Dehradun, Directorate of Statics, Dehradun and Doon Library and Research Centre, Dehradun who extended all the possible help and assistance. I also thank Principals of S.G.R.R. Public School Talab and Vasant Vihar for their continuous support.

I express my deep sense of gratitude towards the people whom I interviewed, without whose help the work could not have been completed.

My gratitude and thanks are due to my loving parents Mr. Dinesh Kumar Dhyani and Mrs. Kusum Dhyani, who have always been an inspiration throughout my life. They have always supported my dreams and aspirations and always encouraged me for higher studies.

I would also like to extend my thanks to my elder brother Mr. Shashank Dhyani, sister-in-law Mrs. Preeti Dhyani and younger sister Deepti for their kind help and moral support all through the tenure of my studies.

I am highly thankful to my respected senior colleague Dr. A.S. Rana, Prof Physics, S.G.R.R. (P.G) College, Dehradun for his priceless encouragement and unrestrained support.

Last, but not the least, I thank Almighty for giving me the strength, courage and dedication to complete my thesis successfully.

Date: Sudhanshu Dhyani

Research Scholar

Reg. no. HNBGU/Res/22644

CONTENTS

Page No.

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION...... 1-36

1.1Selection of the topic2

1.2Objectives of the study4

1.3Study Area 5

1.4Review of Related Literature 19

1.5Research Methodology29

Chapter II:A BRIEF VIEW OF DIFFERENT RURAL...... 37-53

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND

THEIR IMPLEMENTATION

2.1Mahatma Gandhi National Rural 38

Employment Guarantee Act

2.2Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana 44

2.3Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana47

2.4Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana50

Chapter III: RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES...54-97

AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACT IN DEHRADUN

3.1Education55

3.2Health63

3.3Drinking Water Supply72

3.4Electrification79

3.5Roads85

3.6Housing and Sanitation92

3.7Result Analysis 97

Chapter IV: RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES..98-115

AND ITS ECONOMIC EFFECTS

IN DEHRADUN

4.1Income Generation98

4.2Income Analysis99

4.3Present level of Income105

4.4Generation of Community Assets107

Chapter V: GOVT. POLICY AND ROLE OF RURAL...116-125

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN DEHRADUN

5.1Policy Framework118

5.2Agencies for Rural Development122

5.3Implementing Structure123

Chapter VI: PROBLEM, FINDINGS AND...... 126-147

CONCLUSIONS

6.1Evaluation of selected temporary 126

employment generating programmes

6.2Evaluation of sustainable income 128

generating programmes

6.3Problem and Findings for PMRY in 139

Chakrata and Doiwala

6.4Major Research Findings in the 141

research areas

6.5Conclusion143

6.6Suggestions 144

SWOT for MNREGA148

SWOT for SJGSY and PMRY149

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter-I

INTRODUCTION

India lives in villages and her economy continues even today to be mainly rural (Gandhi M.K.). The village is also an important unit in the organisation of Indian social overwhelming rural population. The village communities obviously have greatest influence upon the social, economic and political life of the country. India, an average village consists few hundred acres of land, supporting about fifty to two hundred rural families.

Indian villages are unique in respect of social and economic aspects. According to 2001 population census, there are 74 percent Indian live in 638,365 villages. The size of population in these villages varies considerably from 500 to 10,000 peoples, but some villages have less than 500 population.

Development as a concept when applied in the specific context of rural India acquires a new meaning as rural development. Fundamentally, development of rural areas means not only the aggregate development of the area but also development of the people living in rural areas. The objectives of development include sustained increase in per capita output and incomes, expansion of productive employment and greater equity in the distribution of the benefits of growth.

Rural development, over the years, has emerged as a strategy designed for improving the economic, social and cultural life of a specific group of people living in rural areas. The objectives of rural development are multidirectional as well as multi-dimensional. It aims at increased employment higher productivity, higher income as well as minimum acceptable levels of food, clothing, shelter, education, health and building up of a sound value system which is in keeping with the high cultural heritage of the country. Thus, Rural Development means all aspects of human development. Rural Development must constitute a major part of development strategy of a larger segment of those masses that are in greatest need of all types of benefits.

The concept of Rural Development is essential in this fast moving world because most of the rural people do not have adequate income, employment opportunities.

The most considerable conditions of present Uttarakhand villages are land under cultivation is not only diminishing but also gets further fragmented, ecology degraded, infrastructural facilities do not match with the growth of rural population.

In addition, rural population is unorganized. The apathy of the villagers is accentuated by the social and deep-rooted caste hierarchy. The village level politics has further deteriorated with the dilution of the spiritual value system.

1.1SELECTION OF THE TOPIC

As we know the economic health of a household enterprise depends on its access to resources, both internal and external. Interhousehold variations in income levels can be explained mainly in terms of their varying accessibility to resources. Absolute poverty is thus the result of a subnormal accessibility to resources.

Resources available for use to a household may be sub-normal when:

• Resources are inadequate.
• There is imbalance between resources, with one (or more) acting as a constraint and one (or more) being under-utilized.
• One (or more) resource is inferior in quality, and, therefore acts as a constraint on the fuller utilization of other resources.

Such a situation creates the environment of poverty, which is conditioned by malnutrition, which increases vulnerability to disease as well reduces learning ability. Malnutrition adversely affects fuller mental development, physical growth productivity, the span of working years all of these significantly influence the economic potential of men and women. Lack of education increases ignorance and reduces the scope for self-improvement and also ignorance of means to prevent sickness. This also results in low skills, lower productivity and lower income.

To remove all the above mentioned problem, to create capital assets or advancing the rural economy in capital self-sufficiency and creating new resources for new employment opportunities Government of India has launched several programmes time to time under different Five Year Plans such as IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programmes, Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women and Children in Rural areas (DWCRA), Swarnajayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojana (Merging IRDP, DWCRA, TRYSEM, SITRA, GKY, MWS), Indira Awas Yojana (IAY), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Generation Act, SGSY, PMRY, etc. These programmes of poverty elevation reflect government intention towards the development of rural socio-economy. Out of these several rural employment programmes, our study “Rural Development Programmes and Changing Socio-Economic Dynamics – A Case Study of District Dehradun” will mainly focus on four Rozgar Yojanas viz. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gaurantee Act (MGNREGA), Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SJGSY) and Pradhan Mantri Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) to highlight the impact of these programmes on the Uttarakhand beneficiaries particularly of two blocks of Dehrasun viz. Chakrata and Doiwala. Whether these are successfully generating employment opportunities and smiled to its objectives.

Our study will also find out that what type of changes are achieved by these programmes in Uttarakhand particularly in Doiwala and Chakrata Block of Dehradun district are the beneficiaries of these programmes utilized the given resources appropriately to increase employment and income level.

1.2OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Rural Development Programmes in India in general and in Uttarakhand and Dehradun in particular has been started for removing the rural poverty and raising the standard of living of the people below poverty line by providing them more employment opportunities so that they may generate more income. They have been provided productive assets and monetary assistance for the purpose.

These monetary and non-monetary assistance have definitely been affected the income and employment opportunities of the rural masses. As a result, the standard of living, housing conditions, medical and educational level etc. have definitely been improved. Now it is an established fact that rural masses are well aware about the whole development process.

The present study is an attempt to quantify those changes in rural areas and in their habits which has been occurred during the past as a result of launching the Rural Development Programmes. The main objectives of the proposed study are thus set as under: –

1.To highlight the different rural development programmmes which has been taken place time to time in Uttarakhand in general and in our study area in particular.

2.To evaluate and quantify the major socio-economic effects of different rural development programme in the study area such as:–

(a)Changes in income generation and level of income.

(b)Changes in employment opportunities.

3.To find out the role of different rural development agencies in the successful implementation of Rural Development Programmes and participation of the rural people.

4.To find out the drawbacks of these programmes which are hindering its success.

5.To examine the role of Gram Panchayat in implementation of rural development programmes.

1.3STUDY AREA

1.3.1Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand is one of the most recent states on the political map of India. Uttarakhand borders China in the north, Nepal in the east, while its neighbouring states are Himachal Pradesh in the west and Uttar Pradesh in the south. The topography of Uttarakhand stream and rivulets, rapid soil erosion, frequent landslides and widely scattered habitation. The natural vegetation is mixed broad level forest with oak and pine predominating. Climate varies from subtropical in the valleys to temperate on the higher slopes with a summer monsoon. The temperature ranges from 16oC to 40oC but it drops below freezing point in many parts of high mountains areas of the region during winter (census 2001, Uttarakhand).

The high Himalayan ranges and glaciers are mostly from of the northern parts of the state while the lower reaches are densely forested with rich habitat of wild animals. Two of India’s mightiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna take birth in the glaciers of Uttarakhand.

Uttarakhand has traditionally been divided into two parts, the western half known as Garhwal Mandal and the eastern region known as Kumaun Mandal. The state comprises of 13 districts namely – Pauri, Chamoli, Rudraprayag, Tehri Gahwal, Uttarkashi, Dehradun and Haridwar in Garhwal region and Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh, Bageshwar, Champawat and Usham Singh Nagar in Kumaun region. There are 78 tehsils and 95 development blocks in the state. The state has a total of 16,826 villages of which 15,761 are inhabited (excluding forest settlements) as per the 2001 census.

Uttarakhand is very rich in forest. It has 35,392 sq.km. forest area. Nearly 55 percent of forest area is concentrated in Uttarkashi, Chamoli, Pauri Garhwal and Tehri Garhwal. According to 2001 census estimated total population of Uttarakhand is 8.48 million with 963 females per 1000 males. It is a young state with 38 percent of total population in active age group of 20-50 years. (Source: Census of India 2001)