Tennie et al.: What and when to copy 1

SUGGESTED FOR ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL:

APPENDIX

Table 1 calculation of a subjects’ matching score

observed
Target method 1 / Target method 2
applied / Target method 1 / 1-E(m1) / -E(m2)
Target method 2 / -E(m1) / 1-E(m2)

Table 2 data for the calculation of matching scores

Apparatus / a / b / c / d / e / f / g / h / i
Apes / Target method 1 / 4 / 1 / 2 / 5 / 7 / 4 / 5 / 5
Target method 2 / 1 / 2 / 6 / 3 / 0 / 4 / 2 / 2
Children / Target method 1 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 3 / 10 / 1 / 4 / 0
Target method 2 / 3 / 1 / 6 / 3 / 2 / 3 / 6 / 5
Total / Target method 1 = Freq(m1) / 2 / 4 / 1 / 4 / 8 / 17 / 5 / 9 / 5
Target method 2 = Freq(m2) / 3 / 1 / 3 / 12 / 6 / 2 / 7 / 8 / 7
E(m1)= / 0.4 / 0.8 / 0.25 / 0.25 / 0.57 / 0.89 / 0.42 / 0.53 / 0.42

Occurrence of target method 1 and target method 2 in baseline condition and baseline-expectancy values for the occurrence of target method one (E(m1) = Freq(m1) / [(Freq(m1) + Freq(m2)]; E(m2)=1-E(m1)).Set 1: (a)Dumbbell(b)Moveable Window (c)Bullet (d) Window-Tower (e) T-Pipe. Set 2: (f) Sponge Cylinder (g) Rod Cylinder (h) Hood-Slide (i) Discman

Table 3 first trial success

Species / Subject / Rearing / Sex / Age / Set 1 condition / Set 2 condition
FM / IN / ES / BL / FM / IN / ES / BL
Bonobo / Joey / Nursery / m / 22 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Ulindi / Mother / f / 11 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Limbuko / Nursery / m / 9 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Kuno / Nursery / m / 8 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Yasa / Mother / f / 7 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Mean / 0.80 / 0.80 / 0.80 / 0.80 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00
Orangutan / Padana / Mother / f / 7 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Bimbo / Nursery / m / 24 / 1 / - / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Dunja / Mother / f / 31 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Dokana / Mother / f / 15 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Pini / Mother / f / 16 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Mean / 0.80 / 0.75 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00
Gorilla / Ruby / Mother / f / 7 / - / 0 / 0 / 0 / - / - / 0 / 1
Bebe / Wildborn / f / 25 / 1 / - / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gorgo / Nursery / m / 23 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / - / - / - / -
Viringika / Mother / f / 9 / 1 / - / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
N'Diki / Wildborn / f / 27 / - / - / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Mean / 0.67 / 0.00 / 0.40 / 0.20 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 0.75 / 1.00
Chimpanzee / Swela / Mother / f / 9 / 1 / - / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0
Frodo / Mother / m / 11 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0
Ulla / Nursery / f / 27 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Sandra / Mother / f / 11 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Corrie / Nursery / f / 28 / 1 / - / 0 / - / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Robert / Nursery / m / 29 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Riet / Nursery / f / 27 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / - / - / - / -
Fraukje / Nursery / f / 28 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Natascha / Nursery / f / 24 / 0 / - / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Patrick / Mother / m / 7 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Dorien / Nursery / f / 24 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Pia / Mother / f / 5 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Lome / Mother / m / 3 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Annett / Nursery / f / 5 / - / - / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Alexandra / Nursery / f / 5 / - / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 1
Alex / Nursery / m / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Fifi / Mother / f / 11 / 1 / - / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Trudi / Mother / f / 11 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Unyoro / Mother / m / 7 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Jahaga / Mother / f / 12 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tai / Mother / f / 2 / - / - / - / - / 0 / 0 / 1 / 1
Mean / 0.56 / 0.60 / 0.50 / 0.47 / 0.80 / 0.70 / 0.70 / 0.70
a) species / Fisher’s exact / P= / 0.82 / 0.32 / 0.14 / 0.03 / 0.72 / 0.31 / 0.37 / 0.29

Subjects’ success in the first trial; FM= Full model, IN=Intention, ES=End-state, BL=Baseline; 0=no success, 1=success, - = dropout; and a) species differences in first trial success

Table 4 matching scores

Species / Subject / Rearing / Sex / Age / Set 1 condition / Set 2 condition
FM / IN / ES / FM / IN / ES
Bonobo / Joey / Nursery / m / 22 / 0.20 / 0.75 / -0.25 / 0.11 / 0.58 / 0.47
Ulindi / Mother / f / 11 / - / -0.25 / - / 0.58 / -0.53 / 0.58
Limbuko / Nursery / m / 9 / 0.75 / 0.43 / 0.20 / 0.47 / 0.58 / 0.11
Kuno / Nursery / m / 8 / -0.43 / -0.20 / 0.25 / -0.58 / -0.11 / -0.58
Yasa / Mother / f / 7 / 0.80 / - / 0.25 / -0.11 / 0.42 / -0.47
Mean / 0.33 / 0.18 / 0.11 / 0.09 / 0.19 / 0.02
Orangutan / Padana / Mother / f / 7 / 0.43 / 0.20 / -0.25 / -0.42 / -0.89 / -0.42
Bimbo / Nursery / m / 24 / -0.20 / - / -0.75 / -0.11 / -0.58 / -0.47
Dunja / Mother / f / 31 / 0.25 / 0.25 / 0.57 / -0.58 / 0.53 / 0.42
Dokana / Mother / f / 15 / 0.25 / -0.43 / 0.80 / 0.53 / 0.42 / -0.11
Pini / Mother / f / 16 / -0.80 / -0.25 / -0.25 / 0.11 / 0.58 / -0.53
Mean / -0.01 / -0.06 / 0.02 / -0.09 / 0.01 / -0.22
Gorilla / Ruby / Mother / f / 7 / - / 0.25 / - / - / - / 0.42
Bebe / Wildborn* / f / 25 / 0.25 / - / 0.80 / -0.47 / -0.58 / -0.11
Gorgo / Nursery / m / 23 / - / - / - / - / - / -
Viringika / Mother / f / 9 / 0.20 / - / -0.25 / 0.11 / -0.42 / 0.47
N'Diki / Wildborn* / f / 27 / - / - / 0.43 / -0.42 / -0.53 / -0.42
Mean / 0.23 / 0.25 / 0.33 / -0.26 / -0.51 / 0.09
Chimpanzee / Swela / Mother / f / 9 / -0.20 / - / -0.25 / 0.11 / 0.58 / 0.47
Frodo / Mother / m / 11 / - / 0.75 / -0.57 / 0.58 / -0.53 / -0.42
Ulla / Nursery / f / 27 / 0.75 / 0.43 / 0.20 / -0.53 / - / -
Sandra / Mother / f / 11 / 0.43 / - / -0.25 / 0.58 / 0.11 / 0.58
Corrie / Nursery / f / 28 / 0.20 / - / -0.75 / 0.89 / 0.42 / -
Robert / Nursery / m / 29 / - / 0.25 / -0.43 / -0.58 / -0.47 / 0.42
Riet / Nursery / f / 27 / -0.75 / - / - / - / - / -
Fraukje / Nursery / f / 28 / -0.43 / - / 0.25 / -0.58 / -0.11 / -0.58
Natascha / Nursery / f / 24 / - / - / - / - / -0.42 / -
Patrick / Mother / m / 7 / -0.25 / 0.75 / - / 0.58 / -0.53 / -0.42
Dorien / Nursery / f / 24 / - / - / - / - / - / -0.89
Pia / Mother / f / 5 / 0.43 / 0.20 / -0.25 / -0.42 / 0.11 / 0.58
Lome / Mother / m / 3 / -0.80 / - / 0.25 / -0.11 / 0.42 / -0.47
Annett / Nursery / f / 5 / - / - / - / 0.58 / - / -
Alexandra / Nursery / f / 5 / - / 0.43 / 0.20 / 0.47 / - / -0.89
Alex / Nursery / m / 3 / 0.43 / 0.20 / -0.25 / 0.58 / 0.11 / 0.58
Fifi / Mother / f / 11 / 0.80 / - / 0.25 / 0.89 / -0.58 / -0.47
Trudi / Mother / f / 11 / 0.25 / -0.75 / -0.43 / 0.42 / 0.53 / -0.58
Unyoro / Mother / m / 7 / 0.25 / -0.43 / - / -0.47 / 0.42 / 0.89
Jahaga / Mother / f / 12 / -0.43 / 0.80 / 0.25 / -0.58 / -0.11 / 0.42
Tai / Mother / f / 2 / - / - / - / - / 0.42 / -0.11
Mean / 0.05 / 0.26 / -0.13 / 0.14 / 0.02 / -0.06
a) species / Kruskal-Wallis / χ2=
df=
n=
P= / 0.722
3
25
0.89 / 2.047
3
19
0.64 / 3.359
3
26
0.36 / 1.593
3
30
0.68 / 4.063
3
29
0.27 / 0.962
3
30
0.83
b) rearing / Mann-Whitney / U=
n=
P= / 63.0
25
0.62 / 28.0
19
0.25 / 55.0
26
0.20 / 100.0
30
0.86 / 85.0
29
0.82 / 64.5
30
0.18
c) subj. age / Spearman correlation / ρ=
n=
P= / -0.19
25
0.35 / 0.11
19
0.65 / -0.05
26
0.83 / -0.30
30
0.11 / -0.10
29
0.59 / -0.13
30
0.49

Subjects’ matching scores; FM= Full model, IN=Intention, ES=End-state, BL=Baseline; - = dropout / subject did not apply any target method; a) species differences in matching scores,b) effect of rearing history on matching scores; *: the two wild born subjects were classified as ‘mother reared’ for the purpose of analysis, c) effect of subject age on matching scores

Table 5 effect of demonstrator characteristics on subjects matching scores

Set 1 condition / Set 2 condition
FM / IN / FM / IN
n= / 25 / 19 / 30 / 29
relative age / Mann-Whitney / U=
P= / 61.5
0.55 / 31.0
0.35 / 102.5
0.69 / 98.5
0.78
relative rank / Mann-Whitney / U=
P= / 78.0
1.00 / 31.0
0.37 / 111.5
0.99 / 78.0
0.30
gender / Mann-Whitney / U=
P= / 53.0
0.38 / 37.5
0.59 / 65.5
0.19 / 73.5
0.61
relative gender / Kruskal-Wallis / χ2=
df=
P= / 1.154
3
0.76 / 1.710
3
0.64 / 2.662
3
0.45 / 1.531
3
0.68