Running Head: ENGAGEMENT and BURNOUT PROFILES

engagement and burnout PROFILES

Running head: engagement and burnout PROFILES

Schoolwork engagement and burnout among Finnish high school students and young adults: Profiles, progressions, and educational outcomes

Heta Tuominen-Soinia and Katariina Salmela-Arob

a Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland

b Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki and

Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland

Date of submission: June 14, 2013

Manuscript number: 2012-1428-RR

Supplemental material

engagement and burnout PROFILES

Online Appendix A

Standardized Factor Loadings and Residual Variances for the Measurement Model (Time 1 and Time 2)

Factor loading
Item / Engagement
T1/T2 / Exhaustion
T1/T2 / Cynicism
T1/T2 / Inadequacy
T1/T2 / Residual variances
T1/T2
ENG11 / .815/.761 / .336/.421
ENG2 / .774/.839 / .401/.297
ENG3 / .767/.717 / .412/.486
ENG41 / .839/.825 / .295/.319
ENG5 / .866/.922 / .249/.150
ENG62 / .678/.620 / .540/.616
ENG73 / .824/.808 / .321/.347
ENG8 / .704/.736 / .504/.458
ENG92,3 / .809/.776 / .345/.398
EXH1 / .657/.599 / .569/.641
EXH2 / .714/.726 / .490/.473
EXH3 / .741/.735 / .450/.460
CYN1 / .821/.817 / .326/.333
CYN2 / .860/.910 / .260/.172
CYN3 / .682/.738 / .535/.455
INAD1 / .706/.706 / .502/.501
INAD2 / .657/.726 / .568/.473

Note. ENG = engagement; EXH = exhaustion; CYN = cynicism; INAD = inadequacy. At Time 2, error covariances between three pairs of similarly worded items were freed: 1 = Items 1 (“At school I am bursting with energy”) and 4 (“I feel strong and vigorous when I am studying”); 2 = Items 6 (“When I am working at school, I forget everything else around me”) and 9 (“I feel happy when I am working intensively at school”); 3 = Items 7 (“My schoolwork inspires me”) and 9 (“I feel happy when I am working intensively at school”).

Online Appendix B

Average Latent Class Probabilities for Most Likely Latent Class Membership by Latent Class (Time 1 and Time 2)

Most likely latent class membership / Latent class
1 / 2 / 3 / 4
1 / 0.790/0.814 / 0.052/0.139 / 0.098/0.047 / 0.059/0.000
2 / 0.023/0.126 / 0.907/0.874 / 0.070/0.000 / 0.000/0.000
3 / 0.069/0.075 / 0.107/0.000 / 0.795/0.903 / 0.029/0.022
4 / 0.057/0.000 / 0.000/0.000 / 0.064/0.055 / 0.879/0.945

Note. Values for Time 1 and Time 2 are separated by slash. Values in italics represent the average posterior probability associated with the clusters to which persons were assigned.

Online Appendix C

Configural Frequency Analysis on Group, Year of Study, and Gender (Time 1)

CONFIGURATION / OBS. / EXP. / χ2 / p
Y/Gr/Ge
A / 1 1 1 / 23 / 37.76 / −2.97 / .0015
T / 1 1 2 / 39 / 25.22 / 3.18 / .0007
1 2 1 / 108 / 118.51 / −1.36 / .0864
T / 1 2 2 / 119 / 79.14 / 5.78 / .0000
1 3 1 / 75 / 76.07 / −.16 / .4363
1 3 2 / 38 / 50.80 / −2.18 / .0146
1 4 1 / 29 / 37.48 / −1.71 / .0434
1 4 2 / 19 / 25.03 / −1.39 / .0817
2 1 1 / 35 / 44.39 / −1.81 / .0354
2 1 2 / 40 / 29.64 / 2.25 / .0121
2 2 1 / 132 / 139.32 / −.91 / .1805
A / 2 2 2 / 71 / 93.04 / −3.05 / .0011
T / 2 3 1 / 127 / 89.42 / 5.42 / .0000
A / 2 3 2 / 36 / 59.72 / −3.83 / .0001
2 4 1 / 58 / 44.06 / 2.69 / .0035
2 4 2 / 30 / 29.43 / .13 / .4501

Note. Y = Year of study (1 = first year, 2 = third year); Gr = Group (1 = cynical, 2 = engaged, 3 = engaged–exhausted, 4 = burned-out); Ge = Gender (1 = girl, 2 = boy). A = antitype; T = type.

Online Appendix D

Configural Frequency Analysis on Group and Educational Aspirations (Time 1)

CONFIGURATION / OBS. / EXP. / χ2 / p
G/E
A / 1 1 / 68 / 85.24 / −3.28 / .0005
1 2 / 45 / 33.52 / 2.36 / .0090
1 3 / 19 / 13.24 / 1.64 / .0505
T / 2 1 / 296 / 271.87 / 3.22 / .0007
A / 2 2 / 86 / 106.90 / −3.05 / .0011
2 3 / 39 / 42.23 / −.59 / .2770
3 1 / 187 / 175.65 / 1.63 / .0521
3 2 / 60 / 69.07 / −1.41 / .0793
3 3 / 25 / 27.29 / −.43 / .3352
A / 4 1 / 67 / 85.24 / −3.48 / .0003
T / 4 2 / 52 / 33.52 / 3.87 / .0001
4 3 / 13 / 13.24 / .08 / .4679

Note. G = Group (1 = cynical, 2 = engaged, 3 = engaged–exhausted, 4 = burned-out); E = Educational aspirations (1 = university degree, 2 = polytechnic degree, 3 = upper secondary degree). A = antitype; T = type.

Online Appendix E

Configural Frequency Analysis of Time 1 Group and Time 2 Educational Outcomes (First Year Students)

CONFIGURATION / OBS. / EXP. / χ2 / p
G/E
1 1 / 17 / 18.30 / −.26 / .3967
1 2 / 11 / 13.54 / −.71 / .2386
1 3 / 4 / 2.88 / .40 / .3441
1 4 / 12 / 9.28 / .88 / .1901
T / 2 1 / 89 / 74.46 / 3.04 / .0012
2 2 / 46 / 55.08 / −1.98 / .0238
2 3 / 10 / 11.73 / −.53 / .2982
2 4 / 34 / 37.74 / −.85 / .1987
3 1 / 31 / 39.10 / −1.86 / .0317
T / 3 2 / 41 / 28.92 / 3.02 / .0013
3 3 / 4 / 6.16 / −.81 / .2098
3 4 / 18 / 19.82 / −.39 / .3487
4 1 / 9 / 14.14 / −1.70 / .0448
4 2 / 10 / 10.46 / .02 / .4940
4 3 / 5 / 2.23 / 1.66 / .0490
4 4 / 10 / 7.17 / 1.03 / .1515

Note. G = Time 1 group (1 = cynical, 2 = engaged, 3 = engaged–exhausted, 4 = burned-out); E = Time 2 educational outcome (1 = studying in a university, 2 = studying in a polytechnic, 3 = studying in upper secondary level education, 4 = not in education at the moment). A = antitype; T = type.

Online Appendix F

Configural Frequency Analysis of Time 1 Group and Time 2 Educational Outcomes (Third Year Students)

CONFIGURATION / OBS. / EXP. / χ2 / p
G/E
1 1 / 14 / 17.16 / −.89 / .1879
1 2 / 24 / 17.50 / 1.99 / .0232
1 3 / 3 / 3.84 / −.19 / .4238
1 4 / 1 / 3.50 / −1.18 / .1182
T / 2 1 / 77 / 62.93 / 2.90 / .0018
2 2 / 52 / 64.17 / −2.49 / .0064
2 3 / 13 / 14.08 / −.21 / .4169
2 4 / 12 / 12.83 / −.13 / .4496
3 1 / 44 / 48.22 / −.84 / .2002
3 2 / 50 / 49.17 / .08 / .4700
3 3 / 12 / 10.79 / .28 / .3912
3 4 / 12 / 9.83 / .67 / .2511
4 1 / 17 / 23.70 / −1.80 / .0359
4 2 / 29 / 24.17 / 1.26 / .1048
4 3 / 6 / 5.30 / .10 / .4608
4 4 / 6 / 4.83 / .34 / .3653

Note. G = Time 1 group (1 = cynical, 2 = engaged, 3 = engaged–exhausted, 4 = burned-out); E = Time 2 educational outcome (1 = studying in a university or a university degree completed, 2 = studying in a polytechnic or a polytechnic degree completed, 3 = studying in another upper secondary level education or more than one upper secondary degrees completed, 4 = one upper secondary level degree completed, not in education at the moment). A = antitype; T = type.

engagement and burnout PROFILES

Online Appendix G

Summary Statistics for Two-Way (Group × Status) ANOVAs (Time 2)

Independent variables
Group (G) / Status (S) / G × S
Dependent variables / F / p / η2 / F / p / η2 / F / p / η2
Engagement / F(3,648) = 116.79 / .000 / .35 / F(1,648) = .07 / .788 / .00 / F(3,648) = .88 / .449 / .00
Exhaustion1 / F(3,648) = 82.44 / .000 / .28 / F(1,648) = 21.70 / .000 / .03 / F(3,648) = .34 / .799 / .00
Cynicism2 / F(3,648) = 1025.12 / .000 / .83 / F(1,648) = 13.58 / .000 / .02 / F(3,648) = 2.02 / .110 / .01
Inadequacy3 / F(3,648) = 256.42 / .000 / .54 / F(1,648) = 49.96 / .000 / .07 / F(3,648) = 13.44 / .000 / .06

Note. 1 Participants who were predominantly studying (M = 3.12, SD = 1.06) scored higher on exhaustion than those who were predominantly working (M = 2.55, SD = 1.03). 2 Participants who were predominantly working (M = 2.40, SD = 1.22) scored higher on cynicism than those who were predominantly studying (M = 2.21, SD = 1.14). 3 Participants who were predominantly studying (M = 2.82, SD = 1.27) scored higher on inadequacy than those who were predominantly working (M = 2.46, SD = 1.02).

engagement and burnout PROFILES

Online Appendix H

Configural Frequency Analysis of Time 1 and Time 2 Groups

CONFIGURATION / OBS. / EXP. / χ2 / p
T1/T2
1 1 / 17 / 19.45 / −.52 / .3033
1 2 / 26 / 34.15 / −1.63 / .0518
1 3 / 35 / 35.68 / −.04 / .4846
1 4 / 1 / 3.50 / −1.17 / .1217
1 5 / 58 / 44.22 / 2.62 / .0045
A / 2 1 / 40 / 61.05 / −3.79 / .0001
T / 2 2 / 149 / 107.17 / 6.15 / .0000
2 3 / 112 / 112.00 / .073 / .4709
2 4 / 11 / 10.98 / −.20 / .4223
2 5 / 118 / 138.80 / −2.79 / .0026
T / 3 1 / 58 / 39.19 / 3.73 / .0001
3 2 / 56 / 68.79 / −2.02 / .0219
3 3 / 76 / 71.89 / .58 / .2796
3 4 / 6 / 7.05 / −.25 / .4026
3 5 / 80 / 89.09 / −1.30 / .0961
4 1 / 24 / 19.31 / 1.11 / .1337
A / 4 2 / 13 / 33.90 / −4.36 / .0000
4 3 / 32 / 35.42 / −.62 / .2692
4 4 / 7 / 3.47 / 1.77 / .0382
T / 4 5 / 60 / 43.90 / 3.08 / .0010

Note. T1 = Time 1 group (1 = cynical, 2 = engaged, 3 = engaged–exhausted, 4 = burned-out); T2 = Time 2 group (1 = disengaged, 2 = engaged, 3 = moderately engaged, 4 = burned-out, 5 = dropped out from study at Time 2). A = antitype; T = type.