Appendix 1

Rotated factor loadings and Cronbach's alpha values for the four scales of the Preschool Teacher Authority Scale (PTAS)

Item / Measure / Factor loading
Autonomy1 / I can guide the children to investigate the questions and the work in their own way. / 0.79
Autonomy2 / I can lead the children to select the concepts and knowledge to learn what they are interested in. / 0.75
Autonomy3 / The children are allowed to emphasize self-learning and thinking rather than knowledge transfer from me. / 0.72
Autonomy4 / I can guide the children to solve the questions gradually at their own pace. / 0.67
Participative Management1 / The children and I determine together how much time we use for the learning activities. / 0.66
Participate Management2 / I can discuss with the children to determine the homework and the assessments. / 0.79
Participate Management3 / The children and I decide together the planning of the course schedule. / 0.89
Participate Management4 / The children and I decide together the teaching content and activities of the course schedule. / 0.90
Dependence1 / The children get the answers to the course quizzes from me directly. / 0.77
Dependence2 / I decide which concepts and knowledge the children need to be taught. / 0.74
Dependence3 / I outline and arrange the keynotes of the course for the children. / 0.83
Dependence4 / I point out the key points and what the answers to the questions are. / 0.81
Dependence5 / I notify the children of the correct solution method. / 0.69
Teacher Control1 / I decide the method and criterion of the assessment for the children. / 0.82
Teacher Control2 / I decide the course work and the assessments for the children. / 0.74
Teacher Control3 / I decide the planning of the course schedule for the children. / 0.53

Note. Autonomy, Cronbach's alpha: 0.86; Participative Management, Cronbach's alpha: 0.88; Dependence, Cronbach's alpha: 0.90; Teacher Control, Cronbach's alpha: 0.72. Overall alpha: 0.91, Total variance explained: 72.29%.

Appendix 2

Rotated factor loadings and Cronbach's alpha values for the modified four scales of the TPACK survey for preschool teachers

Item / Measure / Factor loading
PCK1 / Without using technology, I can address the common misconceptions my students have for my teaching subject. / 0.82
PCK2 / Without using technology, I know how to select effective teaching approaches to guide student thinking about and learning of the subject matter. / 0.85
PCK3 / Without using technology, I can help my students to understand the content knowledge of my teaching subject in various ways. / 0.87
PCK4 / Without using technology, I can address the common learning difficulties my students have with my teaching subject. / 0.86
PCK5 / Without using technology, I can facilitate meaningful discussion about the content students are learning in my teaching subject. / 0.87
PCK6 / Without using technology, I can engage students in solving real world problems related to my teaching subject. / 0.82
PCK7 / Without using technology, I can engage students in hands-on activities to learn the content of my teaching subject. / 0.85
PCK8 / Without using technology, I can support students to manage their learning of content for my teaching subject. / 0.85
TCK1 / I can use the software that is created specifically for my teaching subject. / 0.79
TCK2 / I know about the technologies that I have to use for the content of my teaching subject. / 0.82
TCK3 / I can use appropriate technologies (e.g., multimedia resources, simulation) to represent the content of my teaching subject. / 0.76
TCK4 / I can use specialized software to perform inquiries about my teaching subject. / 0.74
TPK1 / I am able to facilitate my students to use technology to find more information on their own. / 0.71
TPK2 / I am able to facilitate my students to use technology to plan and monitor their own learning. / 0.82
TPK3 / I am able to facilitate my students to collaborate with each other using technology. / 0.57
TPCK1 / I can teach lessons that appropriately combine my teaching subject, technologies and teaching approaches. / 0.78
TPCK2 / I can craft real world problems about the content knowledge and represent them through computers to engage my students. / 0.82
TPCK3 / I can select technologies to use in my classroom that enhance what I teach, how I teach and what students learn. / 0.82
TPCK4 / I can use strategies that combine content, technologies and teaching approaches that I learned about in my coursework in my classroom. / 0.84
TPCK5 / I can provide leadership in helping others to coordinate the use of content, technologies and teaching approaches in my school and/or district. / 0.78
TPCK6 / I can design lessons that appropriately integrate content, technology and pedagogy for student-centred learning. / 0.84

Note. PCK, Cronbach's alpha: 0.95; TCK, Cronbach's alpha: 0.91; TPK, Cronbach's alpha: 0.78; TPCK, Cronbach's alpha: 0.94. Overall alpha: 0.93, Total variance explained: 75.78%.